Spain (P.O. 12.3) ride-through requirements
Low-voltage ride-through, High-voltage ride-through for Spain. Every breakpoint below is read from the code itself, and where a point was taken off a published figure rather than stated in the clause, the section under that chart says so — a tail plotted above the voltage its clause states.
What is the low-voltage ride-through envelope for Spain (P.O. 12.3)?
The plant must ride through for any voltage that stays on or above this envelope. The envelope holds 0 pu from t = 0 to 150 ms; then ramps linearly from 0 pu at 150 ms to 0.85 pu at 1.5 s; then 0.85 pu from 1.5 s onward — the last band the envelope defines, with no stated end time.
The clause states this boundary as a line; intermediate points are interpolated between its stated vertices.
Applies to Generating modules + storage under Orden TED/749/2020 Anexo I
| From | To | Voltage | Between the points |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 150 ms | 0 pu | Held flat |
| 150 ms | 1.5 s | 0 → 0.85 pu | Ramps linearly |
| 1.5 s | no stated end | 0.85 pu | Held flat |
The clause this came from
Orden TED/749/2020, Anexo I, ap. 3.1.1 d) y Figura 16 (BOE-A-2020-8965, pág. 62432), still current after Orden TED/82/2026 which only rewrote ap. 3.1.1 b)/Figura 14 for modules <110 kV; legacy P.O. 12.3 Figura 4.1, BOE-A-2006-18485 (ree.es PO_resol_12.3_Respuesta_huecos_eolica.pdf). The code defines a linear recovery ramp; the vertices are read from the clause and the chart draws the segment between them.
What is the high-voltage ride-through envelope for Spain (P.O. 12.3)?
The plant must ride through for any voltage that stays on or below this envelope. The envelope holds 1.2 pu from t = 0 to 50 ms; then ramps linearly from 1.2 pu at 50 ms to 1.15 pu at 1 s; then 1.15 pu from 1 s onward — the last band the envelope defines, with no stated end time. Correction: the plotted tail holds a higher voltage than the clause states — past the last band plotted here the clause states a lower ceiling, so size to the clause, not to this curve.
The clause states this boundary as a line; intermediate points are interpolated between its stated vertices. The last band has no stated end time. The clause below states a continuous region — highlighted.
Applies to Generating modules + storage under Orden TED/749/2020 Anexo I
| From | To | Voltage | Between the points |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 50 ms | 1.2 pu | Held flat |
| 50 ms | 1 s | 1.2 → 1.15 pu | Ramps linearly |
| 1 s | no stated end | 1.15 pu | Held flat |
The clause this came from
Orden TED/749/2020, Anexo I, ap. 3.3.3 y Figura 19 (BOE-A-2020-8965, pág. 62436); Vmax from Tabla 2 (0.90–1.118 pu unlimited, 1.118–1.15 pu 60 min at 110–300 kV) and Tabla 3 (1.0875–1.10 pu at 300–400 kV). The code defines a linear recovery ramp; the vertices are read from the clause and the chart draws the segment between them.
This envelope holds a higher voltage than the clause does. Past the last band plotted here the clause states a LOWER ceiling, so the curve above demands more over-voltage tolerance than the code requires — and the shaded region is larger than the code's, not smaller. Size to the clause, not to this curve.
How long must the plant keep operating outside nominal voltage under Spain (P.O. 12.3)?
The ride-through envelopes above answer how deep a disturbance the plant must survive. These bands answer the other question Spain (P.O. 12.3) settles: how long it must keep operating at a voltage that is off nominal but steady.
A blue band ending in an arrow runs on, because the code states no end for it; a copper bar stops at the time the code prints, and only that right-hand end is data — every bar starts at the left edge of the axis.
This page is named for P.O. 12.3 and the heading above uses that name, but the tables drawn here are Orden TED/749/2020, Anexo I, Tablas 2 and 3. They are written for type D generation modules at the connection point; storage is brought under them by the Orden's Disposición adicional primera rather than by being named.
Steady-state voltage operating bands — 110-300 kV base
Voltage in per-unit (pu) of the base voltage, measured at the connection point ("en el punto de conexión, expresados en valores unitarios respecto a la base"); table applies where the pu base voltage is between 110 kV (inclusive) and 300 kV; type D modules
Steady-state voltage operating bands — 300-400 kV base
Voltage in per-unit (pu) of the base voltage, measured at the connection point ("en el punto de conexión, expresados en valores unitarios respecto a la base"); table applies where the pu base voltage is between 300 kV and 400 kV (both ends included); type D modules
Operating requirements beyond the envelopes.
The figures above are what Spain (P.O. 12.3) demands during a disturbance and while it sits off nominal. The rows below are the same regime’s operating and fault-response requirements — reactive capability, frequency response, continuous operating range, ramp rate, RoCoF withstand and fault-current injection — each researched from the document its own row cites, separately from the plotted corpus. Every row carries its clause and a verbatim quote, so you can check it the same way, including the continuous-operating-range row the staircases above are drawn from.
| Requirement | What the code states | Clause |
|---|---|---|
| PPM U-Q/Pmax envelope Q/Pmax -0,3 to +0,3 Reactive capability | Mandatory Q/Pmax range -0,3 (absorption, 'consumo (retraso)') to +0,3 (injection, 'producción (adelanto)') at maximum capacity Pmax, within 0,95 ≤ V ≤ 1,05 pu at the connection point (basis: Pmax; solid-line envelope of figura 10 — the full ±0,3 span is not available at every voltage simultaneously, the envelope sides slope with voltage); dashed-line extensions of the envelope down to 0,90 pu and up to 1,10 pu (1,0875 pu where connection-point voltage is above 300 kV and up to 400 kV) with response times up to 1 minute permitted Binds power-park modules (módulos de parque eléctrico) type D at the connection point per Anexo I 2.3.2.1; type B and C PPMs get the identical requirement via 2.3.2.2 unless Pmax < 15 MW, in which case only the solid-line U-Q/Pmax envelope of figura 12 (same -0,3/+0,3 span, 0,95-1,05 pu, no dashed extensions) applies. Below Pmax, the P-Q/Pmax profile of figura 11 applies (envelope narrows below about P = 0,2 pu; figure gridlines at ±0,05, ±0,15, ±0,3). Reactive-power compensation up to the connection point is the module owner's responsibility. Storage: binds explicitly — Disposición adicional primera §1 (added by Orden TED/82/2026, in force 12 May 2026) makes generation-module connection requirements applicable to storage installations in both injection and absorption operating modes; a BESS is a PPM under the RfG art. 2 definitions incorporated by art. 3 of the order. The dashed-line extensions (0,90–1,10 pu; 1,0875 pu above 300 kV) and the one-minute response-time permission are read from figura 10’s dashed envelope and the surrounding apartado 2.3.2.1 text (original PDF pp. 21–22) — the dashed endpoints are graphical, transcribed from the rendered figure rather than carried in the quoted text. | Orden TED/749/2020 (BOE-A-2020-8965, 1 Aug 2020), Anexo I, apartado 2.3.2.1.a) y figura 10 (text unchanged by Orden TED/1315/2022 and Orden TED/82/2026) + Orden TED/749/2020 (BOE-A-2020-8965, 1 Aug 2020), Anexo I, figura 10 (caption, axis labels and footnotes) |
The clauses this row citesOrden TED/749/2020 (BOE-A-2020-8965, 1 Aug 2020), Anexo I, apartado 2.3.2.1.a) y figura 10 (text unchanged by Orden TED/1315/2022 and Orden TED/82/2026) — “ a) Capacidad de potencia reactiva a su capacidad máxima (Pmax). La capacidad de potencia reactiva del módulo de parque eléctrico será tal que, dentro del rango de tensión 0,95 ≤ V ≤ 1,05 pu, deberán disponer de capacidad técnica para generar y absorber potencia reactiva (Q) dentro de un rango mínimo obligatorio de tal manera que modificarán su producción/absorción de potencia reactiva dentro de los límites marcados con línea continua en el diagrama U-Q/Pmax de la figura 10. ” Translation: “ a) Reactive power capability at its maximum capacity (Pmax). The reactive power capability of the power-park module shall be such that, within the voltage range 0,95 ≤ V ≤ 1,05 pu, they shall have the technical capability to generate and absorb reactive power (Q) within a mandatory minimum range in such a way that they will modify their reactive power production/absorption within the limits marked with a continuous line in the U-Q/Pmax diagram of figure 10. ” (Orden TED/749/2020, de 16 de julio (BOE-A-2020-8965), accessed 2026-08-09) Orden TED/749/2020 (BOE-A-2020-8965, 1 Aug 2020), Anexo I, figura 10 (caption, axis labels and footnotes) — “ Figura 10. Diagrama U-Q/Pmax de un módulo de parque eléctrico tipo D. [axis Q/Pmax ticks:] -0,3 / 0 / 0,3 [axis captions:] Consumo (retraso) / Producción (adelanto) [footnotes:] * 1,10 en el caso de tensiones en el punto de conexión desde 110 hasta 300 kV. ** 1,0875 en el caso de tensiones en el punto de conexión mayores de 300 y hasta 400 kV. ” Translation: “ Figure 10. U-Q/Pmax diagram of a type D power-park module. [axis Q/Pmax ticks:] -0,3 / 0 / 0,3 [axis captions:] Consumption (lagging) / Production (leading) [footnotes:] * 1,10 in the case of connection-point voltages from 110 up to 300 kV. ** 1,0875 in the case of connection-point voltages above 300 and up to 400 kV. ” (Orden TED/749/2020, de 16 de julio (BOE-A-2020-8965), accessed 2026-08-09) | ||
| LFSM-O 50,2 Hz / LFSM-U 49,8 Hz, droop 5 % Frequency response | LFSM-O (MRPFL-O, types A-D): activation threshold Δf1 = 0,2 Hz above 50 Hz (i.e. 50,2 Hz), droop s2 = 5 %; LFSM-U (MRPFL-U, types C-D): activation threshold -0.2 Hz (i.e. 49,8 Hz), droop s2 = 5 % — default settings unless the system operator communicates otherwise. PPM response speed for these modes: power reductions — response time tr ≤ 2 s for changes up to 50 % of Pmax, settling te ≤ 20 s; power increases — non-wind PPM tr ≤ 10 s up to 50 % of Pmax, te ≤ 30 s (basis: Pmax) LFSM-O binds all generation module types A, B, C, D; LFSM-U binds types C and D; measured at the connection point behaviour of the module. LFSM characteristics accumulate on top of the FSM (MRPF) static characteristic for types C/D. Initial activation delay ta must be as short as possible; if above 2 s, technical justification to the system operator is required per Regulation (EU) 2016/631. Storage applicability: binds via the generation-module rules through Disposición adicional primera §1 (storage must comply in both injection and absorption modes; for a BESS in absorption, upward/downward reserve delivery maps to reducing/increasing absorbed power) — explicit mapping, in force since 12 May 2026. | Orden TED/749/2020 (BOE-A-2020-8965, 1 Aug 2020), Anexo I, apartado 1.3 (MRPFL-O) (unchanged by Orden TED/1315/2022 and Orden TED/82/2026) + Orden TED/749/2020 (BOE-A-2020-8965, 1 Aug 2020), Anexo I, apartado 1.7 (MRPFL-U) (unchanged by the two later amending orders) |
The clauses this row citesOrden TED/749/2020 (BOE-A-2020-8965, 1 Aug 2020), Anexo I, apartado 1.3 (MRPFL-O) (unchanged by Orden TED/1315/2022 and Orden TED/82/2026) — “ Salvo comunicación específica del operador del sistema, los parámetros ajustables del MRPFL-O serán los siguientes: – Umbral de activación Δf1 igual a 0,2 (50,2 – 50) Hz. – Estatismo s2 igual al 5 %. ” Translation: “ Unless specifically communicated otherwise by the system operator, the adjustable parameters of the MRPFL-O [LFSM-O] shall be the following: – Activation threshold Δf1 equal to 0,2 (50,2 – 50) Hz. – Droop s2 equal to 5 %. ” (Orden TED/749/2020, de 16 de julio (BOE-A-2020-8965), accessed 2026-08-09) Orden TED/749/2020 (BOE-A-2020-8965, 1 Aug 2020), Anexo I, apartado 1.7 (MRPFL-U) (unchanged by the two later amending orders) — “ Salvo comunicación específica del operador del sistema, los parámetros ajustables del MRPFL-U serán los siguientes: a) Umbral de activación Δf1 igual a –0.2 Hz (49,8-50) Hz. b) Estatismo s2 igual al 5 %. ” Translation: “ Unless specifically communicated otherwise by the system operator, the adjustable parameters of the MRPFL-U [LFSM-U] shall be the following: a) Activation threshold Δf1 equal to –0.2 Hz (49,8-50) Hz. b) Droop s2 equal to 5 %. ” (Orden TED/749/2020, de 16 de julio (BOE-A-2020-8965), accessed 2026-08-09) | ||
| FSM (MRPF): droop 5 %, deadband 0 mHz, t2 = 30 s, sustain 15 min Frequency response | FSM (MRPF) default parameters (types C-D): droop s1 = 5 %; response insensitivity |Δfi| = 10 mHz; frequency-response deadband = 0 mHz; active-power range |ΔP1|/Pmax = 8 % (basis: Pmax); maximum admissible initial delay t1 = 2 s for modules with inertia or inertia emulation, 500 ms for modules without inertia or inertia emulation; maximum admissible full-activation time t2 = 30 s; full activation of frequency-response reserves must be sustainable for at least 15 minutes (if the primary energy source permits) Binds generation module types C and D (storage of those significance classes included). Defaults apply 'salvo indicación en contra del operador del sistema' (unless the system operator indicates otherwise). MRPFL-O/MRPFL-U static characteristics accumulate on the MRPF characteristic. The module must also be able to receive and implement, in real time from the system operator, guaranteed minimum upward and downward reserve setpoints. Storage applicability: explicit via Disposición adicional primera §1 mapping (injection and absorption modes), in force 12 May 2026; the 'si la fuente primaria de energía lo permite' condition reads onto a BESS's state of energy. The quote reproduces the 2020 BOE text as printed, |Δf1|; Orden TED/1315/2022 (d.f. 3ª.Uno) corrected the symbol to |Δfi| with the 10 mHz value unchanged — the value column states the corrected in-force reading. | Orden TED/749/2020 (BOE-A-2020-8965, 1 Aug 2020), Anexo I, apartado 1.8, as corrected by Orden TED/1315/2022, disposición final tercera.Uno (|Δf1| corrected to |Δfi|; the 10 mHz value unchanged) + Orden TED/749/2020 (BOE-A-2020-8965, 1 Aug 2020), Anexo I, apartado 1.8 (t1/t2 parameter list and sustain paragraph; unchanged by the amending orders) |
The clauses this row citesOrden TED/749/2020 (BOE-A-2020-8965, 1 Aug 2020), Anexo I, apartado 1.8, as corrected by Orden TED/1315/2022, disposición final tercera.Uno (|Δf1| corrected to |Δfi|; the 10 mHz value unchanged) — “ Salvo indicación en contra del operador del sistema, los parámetros ajustables del MRPF serán los siguientes: a) Intervalo de potencia activa en relación con la capacidad máxima |ΔP1|/Pmax igual al 8 %. b) Insensibilidad de respuesta con la variación de frecuencia |Δf1| igual al 10 mHz. c) Banda muerta de respuesta con la variación de frecuencia igual al 0 mHz. d) Estatismo s1 igual al 5 %. ” Translation: “ Unless otherwise indicated by the system operator, the adjustable parameters of the MRPF [FSM] shall be the following: a) Active power range in relation to maximum capacity |ΔP1|/Pmax equal to 8 %. b) Response insensitivity to frequency variation |Δf1| equal to 10 mHz. c) Response deadband to frequency variation equal to 0 mHz. d) Droop s1 equal to 5 %. ” (Orden TED/749/2020, de 16 de julio (BOE-A-2020-8965), accessed 2026-08-09) Orden TED/749/2020 (BOE-A-2020-8965, 1 Aug 2020), Anexo I, apartado 1.8 (t1/t2 parameter list and sustain paragraph; unchanged by the amending orders) — “ b) Demora inicial máxima admisible, t1, será igual a: i) 2 s, en el caso de los módulos de generación de electricidad con inercia o emulación de inercia. ii) 500 ms, en el caso de los módulos de generación de electricidad sin inercia ni emulación de inercia. c) Selección máxima admisible del tiempo de activación total, t2, será de 30 s, salvo que el operador del sistema permita tiempos de activación más largos por motivos de estabilidad del sistema. El módulo de generación de electricidad deberá ser capaz de activar completamente el suministro de reservas de regulación potencia-frecuencia durante al menos 15 minutos, si la fuente primaria de energía lo permite. ” Translation: “ b) Maximum admissible initial delay, t1, shall be equal to: i) 2 s, in the case of electricity generation modules with inertia or inertia emulation. ii) 500 ms, in the case of electricity generation modules without inertia or inertia emulation. c) Maximum admissible selection of the total activation time, t2, shall be 30 s, unless the system operator permits longer activation times for system stability reasons. The electricity generation module shall be capable of fully activating the supply of frequency-response reserves for at least 15 minutes, if the primary energy source permits it. ” (Orden TED/749/2020, de 16 de julio (BOE-A-2020-8965), accessed 2026-08-09) | ||
| Frequency range 47,5-51,5 Hz (peninsular Spain) Continuous operating range | 48,5-51,0 Hz unlimited operation (table rows: 48,5 Hz-49,0 Hz 'Ilimitado' and 49,0 Hz-51,0 Hz 'Ilimitado'); 47,5 Hz-48,5 Hz for at least 30 minutes; 51,0 Hz-51,5 Hz for at least 30 minutes — Tabla 1, zone 'España peninsular', types A-D Binds all generation module types A, B, C, D; times are minimum operating periods without disconnection. Note the national determination is more demanding than the RfG Continental Europe floor in the 48,5-49,0 Hz band (unlimited vs the TSO-specifiable ≥ 30 min). For combined frequency-voltage deviations, the times of Tabla 1 are modified per figuras 1 and 2 (combined U-f envelopes for 300-400 kV and 110-300 kV connection bases). Tabla 1 covers 'España peninsular' only; non-peninsular-territory PPMs under 1 MW on distribution grids are remitted to P.O. 12.2 frequency ranges by Disposición adicional segunda. Storage applicability: explicit via Disposición adicional primera §1 (both injection and absorption modes), in force since 12 May 2026. | Orden TED/749/2020 (BOE-A-2020-8965, 1 Aug 2020), Anexo I, apartado 1.1 'Rangos de frecuencia' y Tabla 1 (the apartado was touched by Orden TED/1315/2022 d.f. 3ª (which makes six rectifications to Anexo I, including a replacement figura 9 graphic correcting the settling bound from 1,02 |ΔI| to 1,20|ΔI|); the quoted passage and its values are unaffected) + Orden TED/749/2020 (BOE-A-2020-8965, 1 Aug 2020), Anexo I, Tabla 1 (title and rows) |
The clauses this row citesOrden TED/749/2020 (BOE-A-2020-8965, 1 Aug 2020), Anexo I, apartado 1.1 'Rangos de frecuencia' y Tabla 1 (the apartado was touched by Orden TED/1315/2022 d.f. 3ª (which makes six rectifications to Anexo I, including a replacement figura 9 graphic correcting the settling bound from 1,02 |ΔI| to 1,20|ΔI|); the quoted passage and its values are unaffected) — “ Los módulos de generación de electricidad del tipo A, B, C o D deberán ser capaces de permanecer conectados a la red y funcionar dentro de los rangos de frecuencia y periodos de tiempo especificados en la tabla 1. ” Translation: “ Electricity generation modules of type A, B, C or D shall be capable of remaining connected to the network and operating within the frequency ranges and time periods specified in table 1. ” (Orden TED/749/2020, de 16 de julio (BOE-A-2020-8965), accessed 2026-08-09) Orden TED/749/2020 (BOE-A-2020-8965, 1 Aug 2020), Anexo I, Tabla 1 (title and rows) — “ Tabla 1. Periodos de tiempo mínimos durante los que un módulo de generación de electricidad debe ser capaz de funcionar a diferentes valores de frecuencia, desviándose del valor nominal, sin desconectarse de la red [rows, zone España peninsular:] 47,5 Hz-48,5 Hz | 30 minutos; 48,5 Hz-49,0 Hz | Ilimitado; 49,0 Hz-51,0 Hz | Ilimitado; 51,0 Hz-51,5Hz | 30 minutos ” Translation: “ Table 1. Minimum time periods during which an electricity generation module must be capable of operating at different frequency values, deviating from the nominal value, without disconnecting from the network [rows, zone peninsular Spain:] 47,5 Hz-48,5 Hz | 30 minutes; 48,5 Hz-49,0 Hz | Unlimited; 49,0 Hz-51,0 Hz | Unlimited; 51,0 Hz-51,5 Hz | 30 minutes ” (Orden TED/749/2020, de 16 de julio (BOE-A-2020-8965), accessed 2026-08-09) | ||
| Type D voltage bands: 0,90-1,118 pu (110-300 kV) / 0,90-1,0875 pu (300-400 kV) unlimited Continuous operating range | Voltage base 110 kV (inclusive) to 300 kV: 0,90 pu-1,118 pu unlimited; 0,85 pu-0,90 pu and 1,118 pu-1,15 pu for 60 minutes each. Voltage base 300 kV to 400 kV (both ends included): 0,90 pu-1,0875 pu unlimited; 0,85 pu-0,90 pu and 1,0875 pu-1,10 pu for 60 minutes each. Type D modules, at the connection point, pu on the base voltage Binds type D generation modules at the connection point (Tablas 2 and 3). For simultaneous overvoltage+underfrequency or undervoltage+overfrequency, modules may rely on the combined frequency-voltage envelopes of apartado 1.1 (figuras 1-2). Type D modules on radial distribution below 110 kV, and type B/C modules on radial distribution below 110 kV, instead have automatic-disconnection settings (Tablas 4 and 5: <0,85 pu -> 1,5 segundos; 1,10-1,15 pu -> 1 segundo; >1,15 pu -> 0,2 segundos), modifiable by the DSO in coordination for network security. Storage applicability: explicit via Disposición adicional primera §1 (injection and absorption modes), in force since 12 May 2026; significance class per RD 647/2020 thresholds evaluated on injection-mode Pmax (DA1 §2). | Orden TED/749/2020 (BOE-A-2020-8965, 1 Aug 2020), Anexo I, apartado 2.1.1 'Rangos de tensión para módulos de generación de electricidad tipo D', Tablas 2 y 3 (the apartado was touched by Orden TED/1315/2022 d.f. 3ª (which makes six rectifications to Anexo I, including a replacement figura 9 graphic correcting the settling bound from 1,02 |ΔI| to 1,20|ΔI|); the quoted passage and its values are unaffected) + Orden TED/749/2020 (BOE-A-2020-8965, 1 Aug 2020), Anexo I, Tablas 2 y 3 (rows) |
The clauses this row citesOrden TED/749/2020 (BOE-A-2020-8965, 1 Aug 2020), Anexo I, apartado 2.1.1 'Rangos de tensión para módulos de generación de electricidad tipo D', Tablas 2 y 3 (the apartado was touched by Orden TED/1315/2022 d.f. 3ª (which makes six rectifications to Anexo I, including a replacement figura 9 graphic correcting the settling bound from 1,02 |ΔI| to 1,20|ΔI|); the quoted passage and its values are unaffected) — “ En relación con los rangos de tensión, un módulo de generación de electricidad de tipo D deberá ser capaz de permanecer conectado a la red y de funcionar dentro de los rangos de tensión, en el punto de conexión, expresados en valores unitarios respecto a la base y durante los periodos de tiempo especificados en la tabla 2 y tabla 3. ” Translation: “ In relation to the voltage ranges, a type D electricity generation module shall be capable of remaining connected to the network and of operating within the voltage ranges, at the connection point, expressed in per-unit values with respect to the base, and during the time periods specified in table 2 and table 3. ” (Orden TED/749/2020, de 16 de julio (BOE-A-2020-8965), accessed 2026-08-09) Orden TED/749/2020 (BOE-A-2020-8965, 1 Aug 2020), Anexo I, Tablas 2 y 3 (rows) — “ [Tabla 2, base entre 110 kV (inclusive) y 300 kV:] 0,85 pu-0,90 pu | 60 minutos; 0,90 pu-1,118 pu | Ilimitado; 1,118 pu-1,15 pu | 60 minutos [Tabla 3, base entre 300 kV y 400 kV (ambos extremos incluidos):] 0,85 pu-0,90 pu | 60 minutos; 0,90 pu-1,0875 pu | Ilimitado; 1,0875 pu-1,10 pu | 60 minutos ” Translation: “ [Table 2, base between 110 kV (inclusive) and 300 kV:] 0,85 pu-0,90 pu | 60 minutes; 0,90 pu-1,118 pu | Unlimited; 1,118 pu-1,15 pu | 60 minutes [Table 3, base between 300 kV and 400 kV (both ends included):] 0,85 pu-0,90 pu | 60 minutes; 0,90 pu-1,0875 pu | Unlimited; 1,0875 pu-1,10 pu | 60 minutes ” (Orden TED/749/2020, de 16 de julio (BOE-A-2020-8965), accessed 2026-08-09) | ||
| Ramp limits: operator-set % of Pmax per 15-min window Ramp rate | No fixed national numeric ramp-rate limit; type C and D modules must have the capability to apply up/down ramp limitations set by the relevant network manager, in coordination with the system operator, in real time, expressed as a maximum percentage variation of generation relative to the module's maximum capacity (Pmax) over a 15-minute range; power changes from frequency-response modes (MRPF, MRPFL-O, MRPFL-U) are exempt from ramp limitations Binds generation module types C and D as a capability requirement; the actual limit values are operational, set in real time by the gestor de red pertinente in coordination with the operador del sistema — no charge/discharge asymmetry is stated. Storage applicability: explicit via Disposición adicional primera — §1 maps generation-module rules to storage in both injection and absorption modes, and §2 (quoted) defines a separate maximum continuous capacity for each mode (injection-mode Pmax = max active power producible permanently while meeting the technical requirements and energy is available; absorption-mode Pmax defined analogously), which is the basis against which a percentage-of-Pmax ramp limit reads for a BESS in each direction. | Orden TED/749/2020 (BOE-A-2020-8965, 1 Aug 2020), Anexo I, apartado 5.9 'Limitación a las rampas de subida y bajada de la potencia' (the apartado was touched by Orden TED/1315/2022 d.f. 3ª (which makes six rectifications to Anexo I, including a replacement figura 9 graphic correcting the settling bound from 1,02 |ΔI| to 1,20|ΔI|); the quoted passage and its values are unaffected) + Orden TED/749/2020, texto consolidado (última modificación 12 Feb 2026), Disposición adicional primera, apartado 2 (añadida por Orden TED/82/2026, art. único.Seis; en vigor desde 12 May 2026) |
The clauses this row citesOrden TED/749/2020 (BOE-A-2020-8965, 1 Aug 2020), Anexo I, apartado 5.9 'Limitación a las rampas de subida y bajada de la potencia' (the apartado was touched by Orden TED/1315/2022 d.f. 3ª (which makes six rectifications to Anexo I, including a replacement figura 9 graphic correcting the settling bound from 1,02 |ΔI| to 1,20|ΔI|); the quoted passage and its values are unaffected) — “ Dichas limitaciones a las rampas serán establecidas por el gestor de red pertinente, en coordinación con el operador del sistema, en tiempo real obedeciendo a un porcentaje máximo de variación de la generación respecto a la capacidad máxima del módulo de generación de electricidad en un rango de 15 minutos. Estas limitaciones a las rampas de subida y bajada no aplican a las modificaciones de potencia derivadas de la actuación de los modos MRPF, MRPFL-O y MRPFL-U correspondientes a las variaciones de la frecuencia. ” Translation: “ Said ramp limitations shall be established by the relevant network manager, in coordination with the system operator, in real time, obeying a maximum percentage of variation of the generation with respect to the maximum capacity of the electricity generation module over a range of 15 minutes. These up and down ramp limitations do not apply to the power modifications derived from the action of the MRPF, MRPFL-O and MRPFL-U modes corresponding to frequency variations. ” (Orden TED/749/2020, de 16 de julio (BOE-A-2020-8965), accessed 2026-08-09) Orden TED/749/2020, texto consolidado (última modificación 12 Feb 2026), Disposición adicional primera, apartado 2 (añadida por Orden TED/82/2026, art. único.Seis; en vigor desde 12 May 2026) — “ 2. A efectos de aplicación de lo previsto en el apartado anterior, se entenderá como capacidad máxima del almacenamiento, en su modo de inyección de potencia a la red, el valor de la potencia activa máxima que puede ser producida de forma permanente por la instalación de almacenamiento cumpliéndose simultáneamente los requisitos técnicos requeridos que correspondan mientras que tenga disponibilidad de energía. Análogamente, se entenderá como capacidad máxima del almacenamiento, en su modo de absorción de potencia de la red, el valor de potencia máxima que puede ser absorbida de la red de forma permanente por la instalación de almacenamiento cumpliéndose simultáneamente los requisitos técnicos requeridos que correspondan mientras que tenga disponibilidad de almacenar energía. ” Translation: “ 2. For the purposes of applying what is provided in the preceding paragraph, the maximum capacity of the storage, in its mode of injecting power into the network, shall be understood as the value of the maximum active power that can be produced permanently by the storage installation while simultaneously meeting the applicable required technical requirements for as long as it has energy available. Analogously, the maximum capacity of the storage, in its mode of absorbing power from the network, shall be understood as the value of the maximum power that can be absorbed from the network permanently by the storage installation while simultaneously meeting the applicable required technical requirements for as long as it has availability to store energy. ” (Orden TED/749/2020 — texto consolidado (Legislación consolidada, BOE, última modificación 12 de febrero de 2026), accessed 2026-08-09) | ||
| RoCoF withstand 2 Hz/s over 500 ms window RoCoF withstand | 2 Hz/s RoCoF withstand, measured in a 500 ms moving time window (types A-D must stay connected and operate); the relevant network manager may reduce the 2 Hz/s value in justified cases with the prior agreement of the system operator Binds generation module types A, B, C and D. Anti-islanding schemes based on df/dt require coordination with the system operator so protection settings do not interfere with system RoCoF; for local incidents with RoCoF above 2 Hz/s the relevant network manager may narrow protection margins to avoid island formation. Storage applicability: explicit — quote2 is the Disposición adicional primera §1 mapping (generation-module connection rules apply to storage in both injection and absorption modes until storage-specific rules are approved), added by Orden TED/82/2026 and in force since 12 May 2026. | Orden TED/749/2020 (BOE-A-2020-8965, 1 Aug 2020), Anexo I, apartado 1.2 'Capacidad de soportar derivadas temporales de la frecuencia' (the apartado was touched by Orden TED/1315/2022 d.f. 3ª (which makes six rectifications to Anexo I, including a replacement figura 9 graphic correcting the settling bound from 1,02 |ΔI| to 1,20|ΔI|); the quoted passage and its values are unaffected) + Orden TED/749/2020, texto consolidado (última modificación 12 Feb 2026), Disposición adicional primera, apartado 1 (añadida por Orden TED/82/2026, art. único.Seis; en vigor desde 12 May 2026) |
The clauses this row citesOrden TED/749/2020 (BOE-A-2020-8965, 1 Aug 2020), Anexo I, apartado 1.2 'Capacidad de soportar derivadas temporales de la frecuencia' (the apartado was touched by Orden TED/1315/2022 d.f. 3ª (which makes six rectifications to Anexo I, including a replacement figura 9 graphic correcting the settling bound from 1,02 |ΔI| to 1,20|ΔI|); the quoted passage and its values are unaffected) — “ Los módulos de generación de electricidad del tipo A, B, C y D serán capaces de permanecer conectados a la red y de funcionar con derivadas de frecuencia de hasta 2 Hz/s, medidas en una ventana temporal móvil de 500 ms. ” Translation: “ Electricity generation modules of type A, B, C and D shall be capable of remaining connected to the network and of operating with rates of change of frequency of up to 2 Hz/s, measured in a 500 ms moving time window. ” (Orden TED/749/2020, de 16 de julio (BOE-A-2020-8965), accessed 2026-08-09) Orden TED/749/2020, texto consolidado (última modificación 12 Feb 2026), Disposición adicional primera, apartado 1 (añadida por Orden TED/82/2026, art. único.Seis; en vigor desde 12 May 2026) — “ 1. Hasta que se apruebe la normativa específica que defina los requisitos técnicos para la conexión a la red que deben cumplir las instalaciones de almacenamiento que inyecten energía a las redes de transporte y distribución de energía eléctrica, estas deberán cumplir con la normativa en vigor que regule los requisitos para la conexión a la red que sean de aplicación a los módulos de generación de electricidad, tanto en su modo de funcionamiento de inyección de potencia como de absorción de potencia. ” Translation: “ 1. Until the specific regulation defining the technical requirements for connection to the network that must be met by storage installations that inject energy into the electricity transmission and distribution networks is approved, these shall comply with the regulations in force governing the connection requirements that are applicable to electricity generation modules, both in their power-injection operating mode and in their power-absorption operating mode. ” (Orden TED/749/2020 — texto consolidado (Legislación consolidada, BOE, última modificación 12 de febrero de 2026), accessed 2026-08-09) | ||
| Fast current injection: gain default 3,5 pu (2-6), ti ≤ 20 ms, ti+tr ≤ 50 ms Fault-current injection | Incremental reactive current proportional to the positive-sequence voltage error ΔU1 (and negative-sequence current vs ΔU2 per figura 8.c): control gain moduli adjustable between 2 and 6 pu, default 3,5 pu for both; deadbands not permitted (0 pu); start delay ti ≤ 20 ms; ti + tr ≤ 50 ms to reach 90 % of the required response; settling time te ≤ 60 ms within a +20 %/-10 % band; total positive-sequence reactive current saturation defaults I1_limU = 0.9 pu / I1_limL = -0.9 pu (each parametrisable over 0 to ±1 pu); per-phase apparent current injection capability at least equal to nominal current; on top of the reactive component, active current must be injected up to the module's nominal current where the primary resource allows Binds PPM types B, C and D ('deberán ser capaces') with a continuous control during disturbed operation; type A PPMs are not named in 2.3.1. Activation: when the rms voltage at the connection point leaves Vmin ≤ U ≤ Vmax in any phase (defaults below 110 kV: Vmin 0,85 pu, Vmax 1,15 pu; at ≥110 kV the 2.1.1 ranges) or on an abrupt voltage change > 0,1 pu (parametrisable 0,05-0,15 pu); stays active until voltage returns in all phases and 5 s have elapsed, activity not demandable beyond 30 s if thermal capability is exceeded. Negative-sequence injection is required with the sign matching the natural response of a synchronous generator (DFIG wind excepted to its natural response). Priority: per Anexo I 2.3.4, reactive-power/current outputs take priority outside the Vmin-Vmax band and active-power outputs inside it, subject to apparent-current limits. Slower times (tr up to 300 ms in 30 ms steps, te up to 600 ms in 60 ms steps) may be requested by the relevant network manager in coordination with the system operator. Storage applicability: explicit via Disposición adicional primera §1 (both injection and absorption modes), in force since 12 May 2026. | Orden TED/749/2020 (BOE-A-2020-8965, 1 Aug 2020), Anexo I, apartado 2.3.1 'Control de inyección rápida de corriente' (gain and deadband paragraphs; the apartado was touched by Orden TED/1315/2022 d.f. 3ª (which makes six rectifications to Anexo I, including a replacement figura 9 graphic correcting the settling bound from 1,02 |ΔI| to 1,20|ΔI|); the quoted passage and its values are unaffected — Orden TED/82/2026 touches only 3.1.x/3.3.1) + Orden TED/749/2020 (BOE-A-2020-8965, 1 Aug 2020), Anexo I, apartado 2.3.1 (response-time list a)-c)) |
The clauses this row citesOrden TED/749/2020 (BOE-A-2020-8965, 1 Aug 2020), Anexo I, apartado 2.3.1 'Control de inyección rápida de corriente' (gain and deadband paragraphs; the apartado was touched by Orden TED/1315/2022 d.f. 3ª (which makes six rectifications to Anexo I, including a replacement figura 9 graphic correcting the settling bound from 1,02 |ΔI| to 1,20|ΔI|); the quoted passage and its values are unaffected — Orden TED/82/2026 touches only 3.1.x/3.3.1) — “ El valor de los módulos de las ganancias del control de la inyección de corriente rápida y debe poder ser ajustable entre 2 y 6 pu, si bien, el valor por defecto de ambos será de 3,5 pu, salvo indicación expresa del gestor de la red pertinente en coordinación con el operador del sistema. No se permite la existencia de bandas muertas en el control. En caso de existir, deberán ser parametrizadas con un valor de 0 pu. ” Translation: “ The value of the moduli of the gains of the fast current injection control and [sic] must be adjustable between 2 and 6 pu, although the default value of both shall be 3,5 pu, unless expressly indicated by the relevant network manager in coordination with the system operator. The existence of deadbands in the control is not permitted. If they exist, they must be parametrised with a value of 0 pu. ” (Orden TED/749/2020, de 16 de julio (BOE-A-2020-8965), accessed 2026-08-09) Orden TED/749/2020 (BOE-A-2020-8965, 1 Aug 2020), Anexo I, apartado 2.3.1 (response-time list a)-c)) — “ a) El retraso del inicio (ti) de la inyección/absorción de corriente deberá ser como máximo 20 ms. b) El tiempo de respuesta (tr) desde el inicio de la inyección/absorción de corriente hasta que alcanza el 90 % de la respuesta requerida correspondiente al escalón en el error de la tensión deberá de ser tal que se cumpla que ti + tr ≤ 50 ms. c) El tiempo de establecimiento (te) desde el inicio de la inyección/absorción de corriente hasta que la respuesta permanece en la banda +20 % y –10 % en torno a la respuesta requerida deberá ser como máximo de 60 ms. ” Translation: “ a) The start delay (ti) of the current injection/absorption shall be at most 20 ms. b) The response time (tr) from the start of the current injection/absorption until it reaches 90 % of the required response corresponding to the step in the voltage error shall be such that ti + tr ≤ 50 ms is met. c) The settling time (te) from the start of the current injection/absorption until the response remains within the band +20 % and –10 % around the required response shall be at most 60 ms. ” (Orden TED/749/2020, de 16 de julio (BOE-A-2020-8965), accessed 2026-08-09) | ||
Who does Spain (P.O. 12.3) bind, and since when?
Generating modules + storage under Orden TED/749/2020 Anexo I. No date of effect is published here — grid codes are reissued, so check the current issue before relying on it.
These figures are a reading aid, not legal advice. Grid codes are reissued: verify against the current edition before you design to them.
Curve data last checked against the code on — 66 standards, 130 envelopes, published by bess.engineer under CC BY 4.0.
Questions this page answers about Spain (P.O. 12.3)
- Does Spain (P.O. 12.3) require ride-through, or only that the plant does not trip?
- Ride-through. Every envelope on this page is a performance duty the plant must meet, not a protection-setting no-trip boundary — they are different obligations. That is what these curves are; they are not everything Spain (P.O. 12.3) contains. The requirement sentence under each chart says which side of the curve is the compliant one.
- Are the numbers on this page taken from Spain (P.O. 12.3) itself?
- Every breakpoint is read from the code, and where a point was taken off a published figure rather than stated in the clause, the section under that chart says so — on this page that includes a tail plotted above the voltage its clause states. The clause each curve came from is quoted under it.
- Which events are charted for Spain (P.O. 12.3)?
- Spain (P.O. 12.3) is charted here with 2 envelopes — low-voltage ride-through, high-voltage ride-through (LVRT, HVRT). No frequency envelope is charted here — check Spain (P.O. 12.3) itself before concluding it sets none. Its steady-state voltage-band figures add 2 more, drawn from the code's continuous-operating-range table rather than from a ride-through curve.
Ride-through, in context.
An envelope is a compliance boundary; understanding why it exists is a different question. The ride-through and grid-forming entries cover the engineering, and the Engineering Foundations course builds it from the physics up.
Elsewhere in Europe: Austria (E-Control TOR Typ D), Belgium (Federal Grid Code), Denmark (TR 3.3.1), Finland (Fingrid VJV2024), France (RTE), Germany (VDE-AR-N 4120, draft summary), and 13 more