Belgium (Federal Grid Code) ride-through requirements
Low-voltage ride-through, Frequency ride-through for Belgium. Every breakpoint below is read from the code itself, and where a point was taken off a published figure rather than stated in the clause, the section under that chart says so — an envelope that stops where its published chart stops.
What is the low-voltage ride-through envelope for Belgium (Federal Grid Code)?
The plant must ride through for any voltage that stays on or above this envelope. The envelope holds 0 pu from t = 0 to 200 ms; then ramps linearly from 0 pu at 200 ms to 0.85 pu at 1.5 s; then 0.85 pu from 1.5 s, plotted to 3 s.
The clause states this boundary as a line; intermediate points are interpolated between its stated vertices. The envelope stops where the published chart stops; the code states no end time.
Applies to Type D power park modules on the federal transmission grid
| From | To | Voltage | Between the points |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 200 ms | 0 pu | Held flat |
| 200 ms | 1.5 s | 0 → 0.85 pu | Ramps linearly |
| 1.5 s | plotted to 3 s | 0.85 pu | Held flat |
The clause this came from
Koninklijk besluit / Arrete royal van 29 november 2024 houdende een technisch reglement voor het beheer van het transmissienet van elektriciteit (Belgian Federal Grid Code), Art. 94 § 3 - power park module van het type D; consolidated text via ejustice numac 2024008672. Repeals KB 22.04.2019 per Art. 158. The code defines a linear recovery ramp; the vertices are read from the clause and the chart draws the segment between them.
What is the frequency ride-through envelope for Belgium (Federal Grid Code)?
The plant must ride through between the upper and lower bands. The upper (over-frequency) band holds 51.5 Hz from t = 0 to 30 min; then 51 Hz from 30 min, plotted to 60 min. The lower (under-frequency) band holds 47.5 Hz from t = 0 to 30 min; then 49 Hz from 30 min, plotted to 60 min.
The envelope stops where the published chart stops; the code states no end time.
Applies to Type D power park modules on the federal transmission grid
Upper limit
| From | To | Frequency | Between the points |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 30 min | 51.5 Hz | Held flat |
| 30 min | plotted to 60 min | 51 Hz | Held flat |
Lower limit
| From | To | Frequency | Between the points |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 30 min | 47.5 Hz | Held flat |
| 30 min | plotted to 60 min | 49 Hz | Held flat |
The clause this came from
Koninklijk besluit / Arrete royal van 29 november 2024 houdende een technisch reglement voor het beheer van het transmissienet van elektriciteit (Belgian Federal Grid Code), Art. 83 § 1 (implementing RfG Art. 13.1(a)(i)); consolidated text via ejustice numac 2024008672.
How long must the plant keep operating outside nominal voltage under Belgium (Federal Grid Code)?
The ride-through envelopes above answer how deep a disturbance the plant must survive. These bands answer the other question Belgium (Federal Grid Code) settles: how long it must keep operating at a voltage that is off nominal but steady.
A blue band ending in an arrow runs on, because the code states no end for it; a copper bar stops at the time the code prints, and only that right-hand end is data — every bar starts at the left edge of the axis; a hatched row is a band the code gives no time for at all.
Art. 99 §4 writes these tables for non-synchronous STORAGE directly — they are not generation tables borrowed by cross-reference. It words the duty as staying connected — 'reste connecté', 'doit rester connecté' — where most codes in this family word it as continuing to operate, so read the axis here as the time the facility must remain on the network. Types A/B/C leave the top band's duration to be agreed with the network operator, so it is hatched rather than given a length; the row carries the cell's opening words and the parameter table below prints the rest, which reuses the generation wording as printed.
Steady-state voltage operating bands — Type D storage, voltage levels below 300 kV
pu of the reference voltage at the connection point (Niveaux de tension inférieur à 300 kV)
Steady-state voltage operating bands — Type D storage, voltage levels above 300 kV (380 kV connection: 1 pu = 400 kV)
pu of the reference voltage at the connection point (Niveaux de tension supérieurs à 300 kV — pour un raccordement au réseau 380 kV, 1 pu = 400 kV)
Steady-state voltage operating bands — Type A/B/C storage, voltage levels below 300 kV
pu of the reference voltage at the connection point (Niveaux de tension inférieur à 300 kV)
Steady-state voltage operating bands — Type A/B/C storage, voltage levels above 300 kV (380 kV connection: 1 pu = 400 kV)
pu of the reference voltage at the connection point (Niveaux de tension supérieurs à 300 kV — pour un raccordement au réseau 380 kV, 1 pu = 400 kV)
Operating requirements beyond the envelopes.
The figures above are what Belgium (Federal Grid Code) demands during a disturbance and while it sits off nominal. The rows below are the same regime’s operating and fault-response requirements — reactive capability, frequency response, continuous operating range, ramp rate, RoCoF withstand and fault-current injection — each researched from the document its own row cites, separately from the plotted corpus. Every row carries its clause and a verbatim quote, so you can check it the same way, including the continuous-operating-range row the staircases above are drawn from.
| Requirement | What the code states | Clause |
|---|---|---|
| Type B storage Q-P envelope (charge and discharge) Reactive capability | Type B storage: minimum Q-P capability of -33% P_D to +33% P_D (Q/P_D axis) at active powers from 0.2 P_D up to P_D, identically in charge and discharge (envelope tapers to zero below 0.2 P_D and is bounded by the S_max circle); assessed on the secondary side of the storage facility's transformer, or at the converter terminal if there is no step-up transformer Binds storage explicitly: Art. 99, § 1er applies RfG Art. 20(2)(a) to transmission-connected Type B non-synchronous storage 'en mode de charge et de décharge' (in charging and discharging mode). Measurement point is, by exception to Art. 37, § 2, the transformer secondary / converter terminal - not the connection point. The governing curves are the two Gazette figures (Q-P profile, M.B. p. 131311; U-Q/P_D profile, M.B. p. 131312: hexagonal envelope between U/Uc 0,90 and 1,10 with Q/P_D = 0,33 on each side, corner points at 0,95 and 1,05). Parameters beyond the figures (e.g. control modes) sit with the TSO (Elia) in the 'cadre juridique pertinent' (relevant legal framework). | Arrêté royal du 29 novembre 2024, Art. 99, § 1er, with the storage Q-P and U-Q/P_D figures printed in M.B. 05-12-2024, pp. 131311-131312 + Storage Type B Q-P capability figure and caption, M.B. 05-12-2024, p. 131311 (figure) and p. 131312 (caption) |
The clauses this row citesArrêté royal du 29 novembre 2024, Art. 99, § 1er, with the storage Q-P and U-Q/P_D figures printed in M.B. 05-12-2024, pp. 131311-131312 — “ Les exigences techniques générales du code de réseau européen RfG relatives à la stabilité en tension et à la capacité en puissance réactive, telles que fixées à ses articles 20, paragraphe 2, a) et 21, paragraphe 3, a) à c), sont applicables aux installations de stockage d'énergie non-synchrone respectivement pour le type B et pour les types C et D raccordées au réseau de transport, en mode de charge et de décharge. Par exception à l'article 37, § 2, les exigences relatives à la capacité à fournir et/ou absorber de la puissance réactive et applicables aux installations de stockage d'énergie non-synchrone de type B raccordées au réseau de transport, en application de l'article 20, paragraphe 2, a), du code de réseau européen RfG, sont évaluées du côté secondaire du transformateur de l'installation de stockage d'énergie non-synchrone ou au terminal de leur convertisseur en absence de transformateur élévateur. Les capacités de puissance réactive déterminées par le profil Q-P sont représentées par les diagrammes suivants pour le mode de charge et de décharge: ” Translation: “ The general technical requirements of the European network code RfG relating to voltage stability and to reactive power capability, as fixed in its Articles 20(2)(a) and 21(3)(a) to (c), are applicable to non-synchronous energy storage facilities respectively for Type B and for Types C and D connected to the transmission grid, in charging and discharging mode. By exception to Article 37, § 2, the requirements relating to the capability to supply and/or absorb reactive power applicable to Type B non-synchronous energy storage facilities connected to the transmission grid, in application of Article 20(2)(a) of the European network code RfG, are assessed on the secondary side of the transformer of the non-synchronous energy storage facility or at the terminal of their converter in the absence of a step-up transformer. The reactive power capabilities determined by the Q-P profile are represented by the following diagrams for charging and discharging mode: ” (29 NOVEMBRE 2024. - Arrêté royal établissant un règlement technique pour la gestion du réseau de transport de l'électricité (numac 2024008672), accessed 2026-08-09) Storage Type B Q-P capability figure and caption, M.B. 05-12-2024, p. 131311 (figure) and p. 131312 (caption) — “ Capacité réactive pour installation de stockage d'énergie non-synchrone Type B. | Exigence minimale | P_D | 0.2 P_D | -33% P_D | +33% P_D | Q/P_D | S_max ” Translation: “ Reactive capability for non-synchronous energy storage facility Type B. | Minimum requirement | P_D | 0.2 P_D | -33% P_D | +33% P_D | Q/P_D | S_max ” (Moniteur belge / Belgisch Staatsblad No 270 of 5 December 2024 (image-complete Gazette publication of the Royal Decree of 29 November 2024, numac 2024008672, printed pp. 131239 ff.), accessed 2026-08-09) | ||
| Type C/D storage U-Q/P envelope and voltage-control slope Reactive capability | Types C/D storage: U-Q/Pmax profile (reactive capability against voltage) with reactive-power range ΔQ/Pmax = 70% (55% at the 0,9 and 1,10 p.u. Voltage extremes) over a voltage range ΔU = 0,20 p.u., the envelope lying between Q/Pmax -25% and +45% (dotted variant for nominal voltages above 300 kV); and a separate P-Q/Pmax profile (reactive capability against active power) from -0,3 to +0,35 Q/Pmax at full active power, symmetric in charge and discharge (taper below 0,2 pu; |Q/Pmax| ≤ 0,0329 near zero P); Voltage-control loop gain set so the relative sensitivity coefficient α_eq lies between 18 and 25, in line with a voltage slope of at least 2 to 7% Binds storage explicitly: Art. 99, § 1er applies RfG Art. 21(3)(a)-(e) to transmission-connected Type C and D non-synchronous storage in charging and discharging mode; automatic reactive supply per Arts. 62-69 in voltage-control, reactive-power-control and power-factor-control modes, in both charge and discharge (RfG Art. 21(3)(d)); active/reactive priority is fixed by the TSO in the relevant legal framework (RfG Art. 21(3)(e)). The loop gain is agreed between the TSO and the facility owner. Governing curves are the Gazette figures: C/D Q-P profile (M.B. p. 131312), C/D U-Q/P profile (M.B. p. 131313), α_eq formula (M.B. p. 131314: α_eq = -(ΔQnet/(0,45 x Pnom))/(ΔUnet/Unorm,exp), with Pnom read as Pmax). The two profiles are the RfG's separate U-Q/Pmax and P-Q/Pmax requirements, not a nested pair: the voltage-domain figure reaches +45 % Q/Pmax at its widest while the active-power-domain figure stops at +0,35, because each constrains a different axis. Neither bounds the other. Applicability (Arrêté royal du 29 novembre 2024, Art. 35, § 4): non-synchronous energy-storage facilities are classed by maximum active power — Type A 0,8 kW to <1 MW, Type B 1 MW to <25 MW, Type C 25 MW to <75 MW, Type D ≥75 MW — where Pmax is the highest active power the facility can technically deliver or absorb at the transmission connection point; Title 4 (Arts. 96-100) then applies the technical requirements to new non-synchronous storage facilities per these thresholds. The deliver-or-absorb Pmax definition follows the French text of Art. 35, § 4 ("techniquement capable de délivrer ou d'absorber"); the equally authentic Dutch text reads "technisch gezien in staat is te leveren" (deliver only), so the absorption reading rests on the French text alone. The Type A-D threshold values are cited from Art. 35, § 4 but the article text is not carried in the quoted text. | Arrêté royal du 29 novembre 2024, Art. 99, § 1er, with the storage C/D figures printed in M.B. 05-12-2024, pp. 131312-131314 + Arrêté royal du 29 novembre 2024, Art. 99, § 1er (voltage-slope passage, printed in M.B. 05-12-2024, p. 131314) |
The clauses this row citesArrêté royal du 29 novembre 2024, Art. 99, § 1er, with the storage C/D figures printed in M.B. 05-12-2024, pp. 131312-131314 — “ Les exigences relatives à la capacité en puissance réactive fixées à l'article 21, paragraphe 3, a) à c), du code de réseau européen RfG, sont applicables aux installations de stockage d'énergie non-synchrone de types C et D raccordées au réseau de transport. Elles sont représentées par le diagramme suivant pour le mode de charge et de décharge : ” Translation: “ The requirements relating to reactive power capability fixed in Article 21(3)(a) to (c) of the European network code RfG are applicable to non-synchronous energy storage facilities of Types C and D connected to the transmission grid. They are represented by the following diagram for charging and discharging mode: ” (29 NOVEMBRE 2024. - Arrêté royal établissant un règlement technique pour la gestion du réseau de transport de l'électricité (numac 2024008672), accessed 2026-08-09) Arrêté royal du 29 novembre 2024, Art. 99, § 1er (voltage-slope passage, printed in M.B. 05-12-2024, p. 131314) — “ Le gain de la boucle de réglage est fixé dans le cadre juridique pertinent par le gestionnaire du réseau de transport, en accord avec le propriétaire de l'installation de stockage d'énergie non-synchrone de générateurs de type C ou D raccordé au réseau de transport, en application de ce diagramme, de telle sorte que le coefficient de sensibilité relative g%_eq soit compris entre 18 et 25, tel qu'exprimé dans la formule ci-dessous: (Image non reprise pour des raisons techniques, voir M.B. du 05-12-2024, p. 131314) où les coefficients utilisés ont le sens donné à l'article 67. Pnom devient P max . Les valeurs pour g%_eq peuvent être transformées et sont en ligne avec les valeurs pour la pente de tension, dans un intervalle de et au moins 2 à 7%, tel que précisé dans l'article 21, paragraphe 3, d), ii, du code de réseau européen RfG. ” Translation: “ The gain of the control loop is fixed in the relevant legal framework by the transmission system operator, in agreement with the owner of the Type C or D non-synchronous energy storage facility of generators connected to the transmission grid, in application of this diagram, such that the relative sensitivity coefficient g%_eq is between 18 and 25, as expressed in the formula below: (Image not reproduced for technical reasons, see M.B. of 05-12-2024, p. 131314) where the coefficients used have the meaning given in Article 67. Pnom becomes P max. The values for g%_eq can be transformed and are in line with the values for the voltage slope, within an interval of and at least 2 to 7% [sic], as specified in Article 21(3)(d)(ii) of the European network code RfG. ” (29 NOVEMBRE 2024. - Arrêté royal établissant un règlement technique pour la gestion du réseau de transport de l'électricité (numac 2024008672), accessed 2026-08-09) | ||
| LFSM-O / LFSM-U for storage Types A-D Frequency response | LFSM-O and LFSM-U apply to storage Types A-D with default parameters f1 = 49.8 Hz, f2 = 50.2 Hz, droop s1 = 1% and s2 = 5% (each selectable within 1% to 12%), settling time as fast as possible and not more than 15 seconds, response time by default as fast as technically possible without intentional delay Binds storage explicitly: Art. 97, § 2 applies RfG Arts. 13(2) and 15(2) (LFSM-O/LFSM-U) to all non-synchronous storage Types A-D (Title 4 = new facilities per Art. 96), and adds a storage-specific overlay: during large frequency deviations storage contributes with priority to frequency stability by increasing or reducing active-power injection or absorption per the printed figure and parameter table. Additional storage rule (Art. 97, § 2, para. 3, applying E&R Art. 15(3)(b)): storage automatically disconnects from the transmission grid if it cannot switch to discharge mode following LFSM-U operation before activation of the automatic low-frequency demand-disconnection scheme; systematic disconnection is accepted only where discharge mode cannot be reached before the 49 Hz threshold; SOC min/max limits may be agreed with the TSO. The LFSM figure itself (ΔP/Pmax vs frequency, with a 'déconnexion possible' zone) is printed at M.B. p. 131307. The automatic-disconnection rule and its 49 Hz threshold are cited from Art. 97, § 2, para. 3 but are not carried in the quoted text. | Arrêté royal du 29 novembre 2024, Art. 97, § 2, with the LFSM figure and parameter table printed in M.B. 05-12-2024, pp. 131307-131308 + Same article - the bilingual parameter table printed under the LFSM figure, M.B. 05-12-2024, pp. 131307-131308 (French column) |
The clauses this row citesArrêté royal du 29 novembre 2024, Art. 97, § 2, with the LFSM figure and parameter table printed in M.B. 05-12-2024, pp. 131307-131308 — “ Les exigences techniques générales du code de réseau européen RfG relatives au mode de réglage restreint à la surfréquence (mode LFSM-O) et à la sous-fréquence (mode LFSM-U), telles que fixées à ses articles 13, paragraphe 2 et 15, paragraphe 2, sont applicables à toutes les installations de stockage d'énergie non-synchrone de types A à D visées à l'article 35, § 4. En outre, en cas de larges variations de fréquence, les installations de stockage d'énergie non-synchrone contribuent en priorité à la stabilité de la fréquence en augmentant ou réduisant l'injection ou l'absorption de la puissance active, selon la figure et les paramètres ci-après : ” Translation: “ The general technical requirements of the European network code RfG relating to limited frequency sensitive mode - overfrequency (LFSM-O mode) and underfrequency (LFSM-U mode), as fixed in its Articles 13(2) and 15(2), are applicable to all non-synchronous energy storage facilities of Types A to D referred to in Article 35, § 4. In addition, in the event of large frequency deviations, the non-synchronous energy storage facilities contribute with priority to frequency stability by increasing or reducing the injection or absorption of active power, according to the figure and parameters below: ” (29 NOVEMBRE 2024. - Arrêté royal établissant un règlement technique pour la gestion du réseau de transport de l'électricité (numac 2024008672), accessed 2026-08-09) Same article - the bilingual parameter table printed under the LFSM figure, M.B. 05-12-2024, pp. 131307-131308 (French column) — “ Para-mètres - Valeurs par défaut | f1 - 49.8 Hz | f2 - 50.2 Hz | s1 - 1% sélectionnable dans une plage entre 1% and 12% | s2 - 5% sélectionnable dans une plage entre 1 % et 12% | Temps de réglage - Aussi rapidement que possible et pas plus que 15 secondes | Temps de réaction - Par défaut aussi rapidement que techniquement possible (sans délai intentionnel), des dispositions spécifiques pourraient être applicables en accord avec le gestionnaire du réseau de transport ” Translation: “ Parameters - Default values | f1 - 49.8 Hz | f2 - 50.2 Hz | s1 - 1% selectable within a range between 1% and 12% | s2 - 5% selectable within a range between 1% and 12% | Settling time - As fast as possible and not more than 15 seconds | Response time - By default as fast as technically possible (without intentional delay); specific provisions could be applicable in agreement with the transmission system operator ” (Moniteur belge / Belgisch Staatsblad No 270 of 5 December 2024 (image-complete Gazette publication of the Royal Decree of 29 November 2024, numac 2024008672, printed pp. 131239 ff.), accessed 2026-08-09) | ||
| FSM for storage Types C/D (droop, deadband, activation) Frequency response | FSM applies to storage Types C/D: active-power response range at minimum 2% and not exceeding 10% of Pmax, insensitivity at maximum 10 mHz (0,02% of fn), deadband 0 mHz and adjustable between 0 and 500 mHz, droop s1 adjustable to guarantee uniform activation of |ΔP1|/Pmax over the frequency control band; initial activation t1 at maximum 500 milliseconds for units without inertia (2 s with inertia), full activation t2 = 30 seconds (15 seconds for 50% of the maximum frequency deviation), full-power delivery minimum 15 minutes Binds storage via generation-scoped complementary rule: Art. 97, § 10 applies RfG Art. 15(2)(d) FSM plus the complementary requirements of Art. 83, § 9 to transmission-connected non-synchronous storage Types C and D, 'taking account of any specificities of limited energy reservoirs defined in the European SOGL guidelines and, where applicable, in the relevant legal framework' - i.e. the FSM parameter values are those Art. 83, § 9 fixes for power-generating modules, with limited-energy-reservoir (SOC) specificities reserved. Within Art. 83, § 9 the TSO fixes the concrete FSM parameters per unit in the relevant legal framework; the printed tables give the bounding values. | Arrêté royal du 29 novembre 2024, Art. 97, § 10 juncto Art. 83, § 9 (FSM parameter tables printed in M.B. 05-12-2024, pp. 131289-131290) + Arrêté royal du 29 novembre 2024, Art. 83, § 9 (FSM response-capability values table, printed in M.B. 05-12-2024, p. 131290) |
The clauses this row citesArrêté royal du 29 novembre 2024, Art. 97, § 10 juncto Art. 83, § 9 (FSM parameter tables printed in M.B. 05-12-2024, pp. 131289-131290) — “ Les exigences techniques générales du code de réseau européen RfG relatives au mode de sensibilité à la fréquence (mode FSM), telles que fixées à son article 15, paragraphe 2, d), ainsi que les exigences techniques complémentaires fixées à l'article 83, § 9, sont applicables aux installations de stockage d'énergie non-synchrone de types C et D raccordées au réseau de transport, en tenant compte des éventuelles spécificités des réservoirs à énergie limitée définies dans les lignes directrices européennes SOGL et, le cas échéant, dans le cadre juridique pertinent. … Plage de puissance active par rapport à la puissance maximale |DeltaP1|/Pmax - Au minimum 2% et ne pouvant pas dépasser 10% … Insensibilité de la réponse à une variation de fréquence |Delta fi| - Au maximum 10 mHz … |Delta fi|/fn - Au maximum 0,02 % … Bande morte de la réponse à une variation de fréquence - Bande morte de 0 mHz et ajustable entre 0 et 500 mHz … Statisme s1 - Ajustable de façon à garantir une activation uniforme de |DeltaP1|/Pmax couvrant la bande de réglage de fréquence ” Translation: “ The general technical requirements of the European network code RfG relating to frequency sensitive mode (FSM mode), as fixed in its Article 15(2)(d), as well as the complementary technical requirements fixed in Article 83, § 9, are applicable to non-synchronous energy storage facilities of Types C and D connected to the transmission grid, taking account of any specificities of limited energy reservoirs defined in the European SOGL guidelines and, where applicable, in the relevant legal framework. … Active-power range relative to maximum power |DeltaP1|/Pmax - At minimum 2% and not exceeding 10% … Insensitivity of the response to a frequency variation |Delta fi| - At maximum 10 mHz … |Delta fi|/fn - At maximum 0,02 % … Deadband of the response to a frequency variation - Deadband of 0 mHz and adjustable between 0 and 500 mHz … Droop s1 - Adjustable so as to guarantee uniform activation of |DeltaP1|/Pmax covering the frequency control band ” (29 NOVEMBRE 2024. - Arrêté royal établissant un règlement technique pour la gestion du réseau de transport de l'électricité (numac 2024008672), accessed 2026-08-09) Arrêté royal du 29 novembre 2024, Art. 83, § 9 (FSM response-capability values table, printed in M.B. 05-12-2024, p. 131290) — “ t1 2 secondes au maximum pour une unité de production d'électricité avec inertie (unité de production d'électricité synchrone) 500 millisecondes au maximum pour une unité de production d'électricité sans inertie (parc non synchrone de générateurs) | t2 30 secondes (15 secondes pour 50% de la variation de fréquence maximale) | Durée de fourniture en pleine puissance Minimum 15 minutes ” Translation: “ t1 - 2 seconds at maximum for an electricity generating unit with inertia (synchronous electricity generating unit), 500 milliseconds at maximum for an electricity generating unit without inertia (power park module) | t2 - 30 seconds (15 seconds for 50% of the maximum frequency deviation) | Duration of delivery at full power - Minimum 15 minutes ” (29 NOVEMBRE 2024. - Arrêté royal établissant un règlement technique pour la gestion du réseau de transport de l'électricité (numac 2024008672), accessed 2026-08-09) | ||
| Frequency ranges and minimum operating times Continuous operating range | 47.5-48,5 Hz: minimum 30 minutes; 48,5-49 Hz: minimum 30 minutes; 49-51 Hz: unlimited; above 51 Hz up to 51,5 Hz: minimum 30 minutes (frequency measured in the control area) Binds storage via explicit cross-application: Art. 97, § 1er, para. 1 applies the RfG Art. 13(1) frequency-range/operating-time requirements ('ainsi que les exigences techniques complémentaires fixées à l'article 83, § 2' — a cross-reference anomaly in the decree itself: Art. 83, § 2 holds the RoCoF rules while the frequency-band table sits in Art. 83, § 1er, and the direct reference to RfG Art. 13(1) carries the band requirement in substance) to non-synchronous storage Types A-D. The band table itself is fixed in Art. 83, § 1er for generating units Types A-D implementing RfG Art. 13(1)(a)(i). Art. 83, § 1er, para. 2 additionally requires Type B/C/D units to operate between 51,5 Hz and 52,5 Hz for a time agreed with the TSO in the relevant legal framework. Not the fault ride-through curve (covered by the ride-through curves published for this code, not repeated here). | Arrêté royal du 29 novembre 2024, Art. 97, § 1er, para. 1 juncto Art. 83, § 1er + Arrêté royal du 29 novembre 2024, Art. 83, § 1er |
The clauses this row citesArrêté royal du 29 novembre 2024, Art. 97, § 1er, para. 1 juncto Art. 83, § 1er — “ Les exigences techniques générales du code de réseau européen RfG relatives au fonctionnement en mode synchrone avec le réseau dans des plages de fréquence et pendant des durées précises, telles que visées à son article 13, paragraphe 1er, ainsi que les exigences techniques complémentaires fixées à l'article 83, § 2, sont applicables à toutes les installations de stockage d'énergie non-synchrone de types A à D visées à l'article 35, § 4. ” Translation: “ The general technical requirements of the European network code RfG relating to operation in synchronous mode with the network within frequency ranges and for precise durations, as referred to in its Article 13(1), as well as the complementary technical requirements fixed in Article 83, § 2, are applicable to all non-synchronous energy storage facilities of Types A to D referred to in Article 35, § 4. ” (29 NOVEMBRE 2024. - Arrêté royal établissant un règlement technique pour la gestion du réseau de transport de l'électricité (numac 2024008672), accessed 2026-08-09) Arrêté royal du 29 novembre 2024, Art. 83, § 1er — “ En application de l'article 13, paragraphe 1er, a), i), du code de réseau européen RfG, toute unité de production d'électricité, qu'elle soit de type A, B, C ou D, visée à l'article 35, § 2, est capable de pouvoir fonctionner au minimum en mode synchrone avec le réseau auquel elle est raccordée, dans les plages de fréquence et pendant les durées suivantes : 1° pendant une durée minimale de trente minutes si la fréquence mesurée dans la zone de réglage est comprise entre 47.5 Hz (inclus) et 48,5 Hz ; et 2° pendant une durée minimale de trente minutes si la fréquence mesurée dans la zone de réglage est comprise entre 48,5 Hz (inclus) et 49 Hz ; et 3° sans limite dans le temps si la fréquence mesurée dans la zone de réglage est comprise entre 49 Hz (inclus) et 51 Hz (inclus) ; et 4° pendant une durée minimale de trente minutes si la fréquence mesurée dans la zone de réglage est comprise au-delà de 51 Hz et jusqu'à 51,5Hz. ” Translation: “ In application of Article 13(1)(a)(i) of the European network code RfG, every electricity generating unit, whether of Type A, B, C or D, referred to in Article 35, § 2, is capable of operating at minimum in synchronous mode with the network to which it is connected, within the following frequency ranges and for the following durations: 1° for a minimum duration of thirty minutes if the frequency measured in the control area is between 47.5 Hz (inclusive) and 48,5 Hz; and 2° for a minimum duration of thirty minutes if the frequency measured in the control area is between 48,5 Hz (inclusive) and 49 Hz; and 3° without time limit if the frequency measured in the control area is between 49 Hz (inclusive) and 51 Hz (inclusive); and 4° for a minimum duration of thirty minutes if the frequency measured in the control area is beyond 51 Hz and up to 51,5Hz. ” (29 NOVEMBRE 2024. - Arrêté royal établissant un règlement technique pour la gestion du réseau de transport de l'électricité (numac 2024008672), accessed 2026-08-09) | ||
| Voltage ranges and operating times (storage-explicit) Continuous operating range | Storage below 300 kV: 0.85-0.90 pu for 60 minutes; 0.90-1.118 pu unlimited; 1.118-1.15 pu to be agreed (Types A/B/C) or 20 minutes (Type D). Storage above 300 kV (380 kV connection: 1 pu = 400 kV): 0.85-0.90 pu for 60 minutes; 0.90-1.05 pu unlimited; 1.05-1.10 pu to be agreed (Types A/B/C) or 20 minutes (Type D) Binds storage explicitly: Art. 99, § 4 requires every transmission- or local-transmission-connected non-synchronous storage facility of Type A, B, C (para. 1, table 1) and of Type D (para. 2, applying RfG Art. 16(2)(a)-(b), table 2) to remain connected within these voltage ranges. For A/B/C the 1.118-1.15 pu (resp. 1.05-1.10 pu above 300 kV) band duration is 'to be agreed between the competent system operator and the owner of the electricity generating unit [sic - the storage tables reuse the generation wording] in the relevant legal framework'; for Type D it is a firm 20 minutes. | Arrêté royal du 29 novembre 2024, Art. 99, § 4 (tables printed in M.B. 05-12-2024, pp. 131314-131315) + Arrêté royal du 29 novembre 2024, Art. 99, § 4, para. 2 (Type D table, printed in M.B. 05-12-2024, p. 131315) |
The clauses this row citesArrêté royal du 29 novembre 2024, Art. 99, § 4 (tables printed in M.B. 05-12-2024, pp. 131314-131315) — “ Tout installation de stockage d'énergie non-synchrone de type A, B, C raccordé au réseau de transport ou aux réseaux de transport local reste connecté au réseau de transport et aux réseaux de transport local dans les plages de tension suivantes : | Niveaux de tension inférieur à 300 kV 0.85 pu - 0.90 pu 60 minutes | 0.90 pu - 1.118 pu Illimité | 1.118 pu - 1.15 pu A convenir entre le gestionnaire de réseau compétent et le propriétaire de l'unité de production d'électricité, dans le cadre juridique pertinent | Niveaux de tension supérieurs à 300 kV (pour un raccordement au réseau 380 kV, 1 pu = 400 kV) 0.85 pu - 0.90 pu 60 minutes | 0.90 pu - 1.05 pu Illimité | 1.05 pu - 1.10 pu A convenir entre le gestionnaire de réseau compétent et le propriétaire de l'unité de production d'électricité, dans le cadre juridique pertinent ” Translation: “ Every non-synchronous energy storage facility of Type A, B, C connected to the transmission grid or to local transmission grids remains connected to the transmission grid and to local transmission grids within the following voltage ranges: | Voltage levels below 300 kV - 0.85 pu - 0.90 pu - 60 minutes | 0.90 pu - 1.118 pu - Unlimited | 1.118 pu - 1.15 pu - To be agreed between the competent system operator and the owner of the electricity generating unit, in the relevant legal framework | Voltage levels above 300 kV (for a connection to the 380 kV network, 1 pu = 400 kV) - 0.85 pu - 0.90 pu - 60 minutes | 0.90 pu - 1.05 pu - Unlimited | 1.05 pu - 1.10 pu - To be agreed between the competent system operator and the owner of the electricity generating unit, in the relevant legal framework ” (29 NOVEMBRE 2024. - Arrêté royal établissant un règlement technique pour la gestion du réseau de transport de l'électricité (numac 2024008672), accessed 2026-08-09) Arrêté royal du 29 novembre 2024, Art. 99, § 4, para. 2 (Type D table, printed in M.B. 05-12-2024, p. 131315) — “ En application de l'article 16, paragraphe 2, a) et b), du code de réseau européen RfG, tout installation de stockage d'énergie non-synchrone de type D raccordée au réseau de transport ou aux réseaux de transport local doit rester connecté au réseau de transport et aux réseaux de transport local dans les plages de tension suivantes : | Niveaux de tension inférieur à 300 kV 0.85 pu - 0.90 pu 60 minutes | 0.90 pu - 1.118 pu Illimité | 1.118 pu - 1.15 pu 20 minutes | Niveaux de tension supérieurs à 300 kV (pour un raccordement au réseau 380 kV, 1 pu = 400 kV) 0.85 pu - 0.90 pu 60 minutes | 0.90 pu - 1.05 pu Illimité | 1.05 pu - 1.10 pu 20 minutes ” Translation: “ In application of Article 16(2)(a) and (b) of the European network code RfG, every non-synchronous energy storage facility of Type D connected to the transmission grid or to local transmission grids must remain connected to the transmission grid and to local transmission grids within the following voltage ranges: | Voltage levels below 300 kV - 0.85 pu - 0.90 pu - 60 minutes | 0.90 pu - 1.118 pu - Unlimited | 1.118 pu - 1.15 pu - 20 minutes | Voltage levels above 300 kV (for a connection to the 380 kV network, 1 pu = 400 kV) - 0.85 pu - 0.90 pu - 60 minutes | 0.90 pu - 1.05 pu - Unlimited | 1.05 pu - 1.10 pu - 20 minutes ” (29 NOVEMBRE 2024. - Arrêté royal établissant un règlement technique pour la gestion du réseau de transport de l'électricité (numac 2024008672), accessed 2026-08-09) | ||
| Ramp limits: reconnection caps fixed; operational limits TSO-set Ramp rate | After automatic connection, storage must be capable of limiting the maximum admissible active-power increase to 20% of Pmax per minute in both charge and discharge; after connection following a transmission-grid disturbance (and after reconnection following incidental disconnection), the increase is limitable to 10% of Pmax per minute in both charge and discharge; general operating ramp limits are not fixed in the decree - the TSO may specify maximum active-power rate-of-change limits, for charge and discharge, expressed in percentage points of Pmax per second Binds storage explicitly: Art. 97, § 5 (automatic connection conditions for Types A-C - frequency 49.9-50.1 Hz, voltage 0.85-1.1 pu, minimum 60 s delay - and reconnection for Types B-D: frequency 49.9-50.1 Hz, voltage 0.9-1.1 pu, 60 s delay, then 10% Pmax/min cap; prior TSO authorisation required for automatic (re)connection of transmission-connected Types B/C/D). Art. 97, § 6 applies RfG Art. 15(6)(e) to storage Types A-D and delegates the concrete max ramp-rate limits (%-points of Pmax per second) to the TSO in the relevant legal framework - modal is 'peut spécifier' (may specify), no fixed national number. Authorisation scopes differ: connection = Type B or C; reconnection = Types B, C and D. The automatic-connection and reconnection conditions and their thresholds are cited from Art. 97, § 5 but are not carried in the quoted text. | Arrêté royal du 29 novembre 2024, Art. 97, § 5 + Arrêté royal du 29 novembre 2024, Art. 97, § 6 |
The clauses this row citesArrêté royal du 29 novembre 2024, Art. 97, § 5 — “ Suite à la connexion, l`installation de stockage d'énergie non-synchrone est capable de limiter la vitesse maximale admissible d'augmentation de la puissance active à 20 % du P max par minute tant en mode de charge que de décharge. En cas de connexion suite à une perturbation sur le réseau de transport, la vitesse maximale admissible pour l'augmentation de la production de puissance active est limitable à 10 % du P max par minute tant en mode de charge que de décharge. ” Translation: “ Following connection, the non-synchronous energy storage facility is capable of limiting the maximum admissible rate of increase of active power to 20% of Pmax per minute in both charging and discharging mode. In the event of connection following a disturbance on the transmission grid, the maximum admissible rate for the increase of active power production is limitable to 10% of Pmax per minute in both charging and discharging mode. ” (29 NOVEMBRE 2024. - Arrêté royal établissant un règlement technique pour la gestion du réseau de transport de l'électricité (numac 2024008672), accessed 2026-08-09) Arrêté royal du 29 novembre 2024, Art. 97, § 6 — “ Le gestionnaire du réseau de transport peut spécifier le cadre juridique pertinent, pour les installations de stockage d'énergie non-synchrone de types A, B, C et D raccordées au réseau de transport, des limites maximales de taux de variation de la puissance active, tant en mode de charge que de décharge, exprimées en points de pourcentage du P max par seconde. ” Translation: “ The transmission system operator may specify [in] the relevant legal framework [sic - the official text reads 'peut spécifier le cadre juridique pertinent'], for non-synchronous energy storage facilities of Types A, B, C and D connected to the transmission grid, maximum limits on the rate of change of active power, in both charging and discharging mode, expressed in percentage points of Pmax per second. ” (29 NOVEMBRE 2024. - Arrêté royal établissant un règlement technique pour la gestion du réseau de transport de l'électricité (numac 2024008672), accessed 2026-08-09) | ||
| RoCoF withstand and decoupling-protection setting RoCoF withstand | Storage Types A-D must withstand rates of change of frequency per the printed under-/over-frequency profiles; where RoCoF-based decoupling protection is applied, its setting is above 2 Hz per second measured over a 500-millisecond average window (threshold reducible for technical or safety reasons per the relevant legal framework) Binds storage via explicit cross-application: Art. 97, § 1er, para. 2 applies the RfG RoCoF-withstand capability plus the complementary requirements of Art. 83, § 2 to non-synchronous storage Types A-D. Art. 83, § 2 itself addresses power-generating units Types A-D; its under-frequency and over-frequency RoCoF profiles are figures printed at M.B. pp. 131285-131286 (not transcribed here - curves without a printed parameter table); the 2 Hz/s / 500 ms sentence governs the decoupling-protection setting, and the protection may not conflict with the minimum operating times of Art. 83, § 1er. | Arrêté royal du 29 novembre 2024, Art. 97, § 1er, para. 2 juncto Art. 83, § 2 + Arrêté royal du 29 novembre 2024, Art. 83, § 2 |
The clauses this row citesArrêté royal du 29 novembre 2024, Art. 97, § 1er, para. 2 juncto Art. 83, § 2 — “ Les exigences techniques générales du code de réseau européen RfG relatives à la capacité à supporter des vitesses de variation de la fréquence et à rester connecté au réseau auquel l'installation de stockage d'énergie non-synchrone est raccordé, ainsi que les exigences techniques complémentaires visées à l'article 83, § 2, sont applicables aux installations de stockage d'énergie non-synchrone de types A à D visés à l'article 35 § 4. ” Translation: “ The general technical requirements of the European network code RfG relating to the capability to withstand rates of change of frequency and to remain connected to the network to which the non-synchronous energy storage facility is connected, as well as the complementary technical requirements referred to in Article 83, § 2, are applicable to non-synchronous energy storage facilities of Types A to D referred to in Article 35 § 4. ” (29 NOVEMBRE 2024. - Arrêté royal établissant un règlement technique pour la gestion du réseau de transport de l'électricité (numac 2024008672), accessed 2026-08-09) Arrêté royal du 29 novembre 2024, Art. 83, § 2 — “ Le cas échéant, le réglage de la protection de découplage lié à la vitesse de variation de fréquence pour les unités de production d'électricité de type A, B, C ou D raccordées au réseau de transport est supérieur à 2 Hz par seconde, mesuré sur une durée moyenne de 500 millisecondes. La protection de découplage n'est pas en conflit avec les exigences de durée de fonctionnement minimales fixées au paragraphe 1er pour les différentes plages de fréquence. Pour des raisons techniques ou de sécurité de ces unités de production d'électricité, ce seuil de 2 Hz par seconde peut être réduit conformément au cadre juridique pertinent. ” Translation: “ Where applicable, the setting of the decoupling protection linked to the rate of change of frequency for electricity generating units of Type A, B, C or D connected to the transmission grid is above 2 Hz per second, measured over an average duration of 500 milliseconds. The decoupling protection shall not conflict with the minimum operating-time requirements fixed in paragraph 1 for the different frequency ranges. For technical or safety reasons of these electricity generating units, this threshold of 2 Hz per second may be reduced in accordance with the relevant legal framework. ” (29 NOVEMBRE 2024. - Arrêté royal établissant un règlement technique pour la gestion du réseau de transport de l'électricité (numac 2024008672), accessed 2026-08-09) | ||
| Fast fault-current injection: capability-conditional, TSO-set Fault-current injection | No fixed fault-current gain (k-factor) or response time for storage in the decree: the TSO may impose, according to the technical capabilities of Type B/C/D storage and in the relevant legal framework, fast fault-current injection or absorption requirements in charge and discharge mode (RfG Art. 20(2)(b)-(c) plus Art. 93, § 3), whose parameters - normal operating band, duration, activation deadband and activation delay, plus positive-, negative- and zero-sequence contribution - are all fixed by the TSO in the relevant legal framework Binds storage explicitly but conditionally: Art. 99, § 2 uses 'peut imposer' (may impose) 'en fonction des capabilités techniques' - for storage this is a capability-conditional TSO option, not an unconditional decree obligation. The referenced complementary requirements sit in Art. 93, § 3, which for PPMs of Types B/C/D requires fast additional reactive fault current at the connection point up to full capability for symmetric and asymmetric faults, illustrated by a figure (M.B. p. 131305) with all parameters delegated to the TSO. Post-fault active-power recovery (RfG Art. 20(3)(a)-(b)) may likewise be imposed via the connection contract, with magnitude and recovery time fixed in the relevant legal framework (Art. 99, § 2, para. 2). | Arrêté royal du 29 novembre 2024, Art. 99, § 2 + Arrêté royal du 29 novembre 2024, Art. 93, § 3 |
The clauses this row citesArrêté royal du 29 novembre 2024, Art. 99, § 2 — “ Le gestionnaire du réseau de transport peut imposer en fonction des capabilités techniques des installations de stockage d'énergie non-synchrone de types B, C et D raccordées au réseau de transport, dans le cadre juridique pertinent, des exigences techniques relatives à l'activation d'injection ou absorption rapide de courant de défaut en mode de charge et de décharge, telles que celles fixées à l'article 20, paragraphe 2, b) et c), du code de réseau européen RfG ainsi que les exigences techniques complémentaires fixées à l'article 93, § 3, en mode de charge et de décharge. ” Translation: “ The transmission system operator may impose, according to the technical capabilities of the non-synchronous energy storage facilities of Types B, C and D connected to the transmission grid, in the relevant legal framework, technical requirements relating to the activation of fast fault-current injection or absorption in charging and discharging mode, such as those fixed in Article 20(2)(b) and (c) of the European network code RfG as well as the complementary technical requirements fixed in Article 93, § 3, in charging and discharging mode. ” (29 NOVEMBRE 2024. - Arrêté royal établissant un règlement technique pour la gestion du réseau de transport de l'électricité (numac 2024008672), accessed 2026-08-09) Arrêté royal du 29 novembre 2024, Art. 93, § 3 — “ L'ensemble des paramètres de cette capacité sont fixés par le gestionnaire du réseau de transport dans le cadre juridique pertinent. Ces paramètres portent sur la largeur normale opérationnelle, la durée et la bande morte de l'activation, ainsi que le délai pour cette activation. En outre, le parc non-synchrone de générateurs concerné contribue au courant de défaut pour un courant positif, négatif et neutre pour détecter le défaut asymétrique de façon certaine. La contribution au courant de court-circuit est fixée par le gestionnaire du réseau de transport dans le cadre juridique pertinent. ” Translation: “ All the parameters of this capability are fixed by the transmission system operator in the relevant legal framework. These parameters concern the normal operational band, the duration and the deadband of the activation, as well as the delay for this activation. In addition, the power park module concerned contributes to the fault current with a positive, negative and zero-sequence current so as to detect the asymmetric fault with certainty. The short-circuit current contribution is fixed by the transmission system operator in the relevant legal framework. ” (29 NOVEMBRE 2024. - Arrêté royal établissant un règlement technique pour la gestion du réseau de transport de l'électricité (numac 2024008672), accessed 2026-08-09) | ||
Who does Belgium (Federal Grid Code) bind, and since when?
Type D power park modules on the federal transmission grid. No date of effect is published here — grid codes are reissued, so check the current issue before relying on it.
These figures are a reading aid, not legal advice. Grid codes are reissued: verify against the current edition before you design to them.
Curve data last checked against the code on — 66 standards, 130 envelopes, published by bess.engineer under CC BY 4.0.
Questions this page answers about Belgium (Federal Grid Code)
- Does Belgium (Federal Grid Code) require ride-through, or only that the plant does not trip?
- Ride-through. Every envelope on this page is a performance duty the plant must meet, not a protection-setting no-trip boundary — they are different obligations. That is what these curves are; they are not everything Belgium (Federal Grid Code) contains. The requirement sentence under each chart says which side of the curve is the compliant one.
- Are the numbers on this page taken from Belgium (Federal Grid Code) itself?
- Every breakpoint is read from the code, and where a point was taken off a published figure rather than stated in the clause, the section under that chart says so — on this page that includes an envelope that stops where its published chart stops. The clause each curve came from is quoted under it.
- Which events are charted for Belgium (Federal Grid Code)?
- Belgium (Federal Grid Code) is charted here with 2 envelopes — low-voltage ride-through, frequency ride-through (LVRT, FRT). No high-voltage envelope is charted here — check Belgium (Federal Grid Code) itself before concluding it sets none. Its steady-state voltage-band figures add 4 more, drawn from the code's continuous-operating-range table rather than from a ride-through curve.
Ride-through, in context.
An envelope is a compliance boundary; understanding why it exists is a different question. The ride-through and grid-forming entries cover the engineering, and the Engineering Foundations course builds it from the physics up.
Elsewhere in Europe: Austria (E-Control TOR Typ D), Ireland (EirGrid), Italy (TERNA), Netherlands (TenneT), Norway (Statnett NVF 2025), Poland (PSE Wymogi 2025), and 13 more