Does Austria (E-Control TOR Typ D) require ride-through, or only that the plant does not trip?

Ride-through. Every envelope on this page is a performance duty the plant must meet, not a protection-setting no-trip boundary — they are different obligations. That is what these curves are; they are not everything Austria (E-Control TOR Typ D) contains. The requirement sentence under each chart says which side of the curve is the compliant one.

Are the numbers on this page taken from Austria (E-Control TOR Typ D) itself?

Every breakpoint is read from the code, and where a point was taken off a published figure rather than stated in the clause, the section under that chart says so — on this page that includes an envelope that stops where its published chart stops. The clause each curve came from is quoted under it.

Which events are charted for Austria (E-Control TOR Typ D)?

Austria (E-Control TOR Typ D) is charted here with 2 envelopes — low-voltage ride-through, frequency ride-through (LVRT, FRT). No high-voltage envelope is charted here — check Austria (E-Control TOR Typ D) itself before concluding it sets none. Its steady-state voltage-band figure adds one more, drawn from the code's continuous-operating-range table rather than from a ride-through curve.

Austria (E-Control TOR Typ D) ride-through requirements

Low-voltage ride-through, Frequency ride-through for Austria. Every breakpoint below is read from the code itself, and where a point was taken off a published figure rather than stated in the clause, the section under that chart says so — an envelope that stops where its published chart stops.

2Envelopes

LVRT · FRTEvents

Transmission Connection level

≥110 kV or ≥50 MW Applicability boundary

LVRT

What is the low-voltage ride-through envelope for Austria (E-Control TOR Typ D)?

The plant must ride through for any voltage that stays on or above this envelope. The envelope holds 0 pu from t = 0 to 150 ms; then ramps linearly from 0 pu at 150 ms to 0.85 pu at 1.5 s; then 0.85 pu from 1.5 s, plotted to 2 s.

The clause states this boundary as a line; intermediate points are interpolated between its stated vertices. The envelope stops where the published chart stops; the code states no end time.

Applies to Type D non-synchronous PGM, ≥110 kV or ≥50 MW

Low-voltage ride-through envelope for Austria (E-Control TOR Typ D). Time runs on a logarithmic axis, so the ramp — a straight line in real time — only looks curved here. Scroll the chart sideways for the rest of the time axis →

Low-voltage ride-through breakpoints for Austria (E-Control TOR Typ D)
From	To	Voltage	Between the points
0	150 ms	0 pu	Held flat
150 ms	1.5 s	0 → 0.85 pu	Ramps linearly
1.5 s	plotted to 2 s	0.85 pu	Held flat

The clause this came from

E-Control, 'TOR Stromerzeugungsanlagen: Anschluss und Parallelbetrieb von Stromerzeugungsanlagen des Typs D' (Maximalkapazitat >= 50 MW oder Nennspannung >= 110 kV), Version 1.3, gultig ab 01.07.2024 - Kapitel 5.2.1, Abbildung 12 (FRT-Profil nichtsynchroner Stromerzeugungsanlagen, Anschluss auf oder oberhalb der 110-kV-Ebene), p. 28. The code defines a linear recovery ramp; the vertices are read from the clause and the chart draws the segment between them.

FRT

What is the frequency ride-through envelope for Austria (E-Control TOR Typ D)?

The plant must ride through between the upper and lower bands. The upper (over-frequency) band holds 51.5 Hz from t = 0 to 30 min; then 51 Hz from 30 min, plotted to 2 h. The lower (under-frequency) band holds 47.5 Hz from t = 0 to 60 min; then 48.5 Hz from 60 min to 90 min; then 49 Hz from 90 min, plotted to 2 h.

The envelope stops where the published chart stops; the code states no end time.

Applies to Type D non-synchronous PGM, ≥110 kV or ≥50 MW

Frequency ride-through envelope for Austria (E-Control TOR Typ D). Time runs on a logarithmic axis. Scroll the chart sideways for the rest of the time axis →

Upper limit

Frequency ride-through breakpoints for Austria (E-Control TOR Typ D) — Upper limit
From	To	Frequency	Between the points
0	30 min	51.5 Hz	Held flat
30 min	plotted to 2 h	51 Hz	Held flat

Lower limit

Frequency ride-through breakpoints for Austria (E-Control TOR Typ D) — Lower limit
From	To	Frequency	Between the points
0	60 min	47.5 Hz	Held flat
60 min	90 min	48.5 Hz	Held flat
90 min	plotted to 2 h	49 Hz	Held flat

The clause this came from

E-Control, 'TOR Stromerzeugungsanlagen Typ D', Version 1.3, gultig ab 01.07.2024 - Kapitel 5.1.1 'Frequenzbereiche', Tabelle 1 (including footnote 14 on the 90-minute band).

Steady state

How long must the plant keep operating outside nominal voltage under Austria (E-Control TOR Typ D)?

The ride-through envelopes above answer how deep a disturbance the plant must survive. These bands answer the other question Austria (E-Control TOR Typ D) settles: how long it must keep operating at a voltage that is off nominal but steady.

A blue band ending in an arrow runs on, because the code states no end for it; a copper bar stops at the time the code prints, and only that right-hand end is data — every bar starts at the left edge of the axis.

Tabelle 5 does not name storage: it binds Type D generating plant, and a BESS falls under it through the generation-scoped rule in Kap. 2.4 rather than by being named — the Applies-to line in the envelope section above states that plant scope, not a storage one. Only the 110–300 kV table is plotted; the 300–400 kV and MV tables reach this site as a paraphrase rather than as quoted text, and a figure that draws only quoted numbers cannot draw them, so the parameter table below is where those levels are.

Steady-state voltage operating bands — 110-300 kV base voltage (Tabelle 5)

p.u. of the reference value 1 p.u. for the voltage at the connection point (Netzanschlusspunkt), where the base voltage for the p.u. values lies between 110 kV and 300 kV (Spannungsbereich / Mindestzeitraum)

TOR Stromerzeugungsanlagen Typ D, Version 1.4, Kapitel 5.3.1 'Spannungsbereiche', Tabelle 5 (Seite 31) Scroll the chart sideways for the durations →

Beyond ride-through

Operating requirements beyond the envelopes.

The figures above are what Austria (E-Control TOR Typ D) demands during a disturbance and while it sits off nominal. The rows below are the same regime’s operating and fault-response requirements — reactive capability, frequency response, continuous operating range, ramp rate, RoCoF withstand and fault-current injection — each researched from the document its own row cites, separately from the plotted corpus. Every row carries its clause and a verbatim quote, so you can check it the same way, including the continuous-operating-range row the staircases above are drawn from.

Supplementary operating requirements for Austria (E-Control TOR Typ D)
Requirement	What the code states	Clause
Q/Pmax ranges at Pmax - default Bereich II, alternatives I/III (Tabelle 7) Reactive capability	Default range Bereich II: Q/Pmax = -0.329 to +0.411 at U = 1 p.u. (cos phi 0.95 underexcited to 0.925 overexcited), basis Pmax (Maximalkapazität); alternative ranges Bereich I (-0.228 to +0.484) or Bereich III (-0.411 to +0.329) may be required by the relevant network operator only in locally limited exceptional cases via the network connection contract Binds Type D Stromerzeugungsanlagen (Maximalkapazität ≥ 50 MW or connection voltage ≥ 110 kV), synchronous and non-synchronous alike; requirement applies at the Netzanschlusspunkt (connection point, Kap. 5.3.3 opening sentence). Tabelle 7 values apply at 1 p.u.; the full voltage-dependent U-Q/Pmax envelope is Abbildung 13 (same page), drawn in the Erzeugerzählpfeilsystem (EZS: Q > 0 = overexcited/voltage-raising). In the overexcited region, active power may be reduced in favour of reactive power by at most 10% of Pmax at the transfer point. No charge/discharge asymmetry is stated. Storage applicability: not explicit in Kap. 5.3.3 - binds electrical energy storage via the generation-scoped rule of Kap. 2.4 (p.11): storage is treated like a Stromerzeugungsanlage in its effect on the grid and, unless expressly determined otherwise, all provisions of this TOR part apply to it; nothing in Kap. 5.3.3 determines otherwise. Austrian national determined values implementing Regulation (EU) 2016/631 (RfG): TOR Typ D v1.0 is the 'nationale Umsetzung der Verordnung (EU) 2016/631' (Dokumenten-Historie, p.2) and Kap. 5.3.3 was extended per the RfG Anforderungs-V amendment BGBl. II Nr. 271/2023 (v1.3 history note) - cite these values, not the RfG Article 25 ranges.	TOR Stromerzeugungsanlagen Typ D, Version 1.4, Kapitel 5.3.3.1 'Blindleistungskapazität bei Nennscheinleistung bzw. Maximalkapazität', Tabelle 7 (Seite 32) + TOR Stromerzeugungsanlagen Typ D, Version 1.4, Kapitel 5.3.3.1, Tabelle 7 'Blindleistungsbereiche synchroner und nichtsynchroner Stromerzeugungsanlagen bei Maximalkapazität' (Seite 32)
The clauses this row cites TOR Stromerzeugungsanlagen Typ D, Version 1.4, Kapitel 5.3.3.1 'Blindleistungskapazität bei Nennscheinleistung bzw. Maximalkapazität', Tabelle 7 (Seite 32) — “ Es gilt grundsätzlich der Blindleistungsbereich II. In lokal begrenzten Ausnahmefällen kann vom relevanten Netzbetreiber alternativ im Netzanschlussvertrag der Blindleistungsbereich I oder III gefordert werden. Dies ist gegenüber dem Netzbenutzer nachvollziehbar und schlüssig zu begründen. ” Translation: “ As a rule, reactive power range II applies. In locally limited exceptional cases, the relevant network operator may alternatively require reactive power range I or III in the network connection contract. This must be justified to the network user in a comprehensible and coherent manner. ” (TOR Stromerzeugungsanlagen: Anschluss und Parallelbetrieb von Stromerzeugungsanlagen des Typs D, Version 1.4, accessed 2026-08-09) TOR Stromerzeugungsanlagen Typ D, Version 1.4, Kapitel 5.3.3.1, Tabelle 7 'Blindleistungsbereiche synchroner und nichtsynchroner Stromerzeugungsanlagen bei Maximalkapazität' (Seite 32) — “ Blindleistungsbereich \| Q/Pmax (bei 1 p.u.) \| Verschiebungsfaktor cos φ — Bereich I \| - 0,228 bis + 0,484 \| 0,975 untererregt bis 0,9 übererregt — Bereich II \| - 0,329 bis + 0,411 \| 0,95 untererregt bis 0,925 übererregt — Bereich III \| -0,411 bis + 0,329 \| 0,925 untererregt bis 0,95 übererregt — Tabelle 7: Blindleistungsbereiche synchroner und nichtsynchroner Stromerzeugungsanlagen bei Maximalkapazität ” Translation: “ Reactive power range \| Q/Pmax (at 1 p.u.) \| displacement factor cos φ — Range I \| -0.228 to +0.484 \| 0.975 underexcited to 0.9 overexcited — Range II \| -0.329 to +0.411 \| 0.95 underexcited to 0.925 overexcited — Range III \| -0.411 to +0.329 \| 0.925 underexcited to 0.95 overexcited — Table 7: Reactive power ranges of synchronous and non-synchronous power-generating facilities at maximum capacity ” (TOR Stromerzeugungsanlagen: Anschluss und Parallelbetrieb von Stromerzeugungsanlagen des Typs D, Version 1.4, accessed 2026-08-09)
Q capability below Pmax - P-Q/Pmax profile, relaxation below 0.2 Pmax (Abbildung 14) Reactive capability	Below Pmax, a non-synchronous plant must be able to provide reactive power at every operating point within its P-Q/Pmax profile (Abbildung 14, ranges I/II/III carried down from Tabelle 7) when all generating units are technically available; in the range P < 0.2 Pmax the reactive power behaviour must not change abruptly, but exact compliance with the profile is not required (grey area of the figure) Binds non-synchronous Type D Stromerzeugungsanlagen at the Netzanschlusspunkt; synchronous plants below Pmax must instead operate at every point of their generator P-Q diagram down to at least the minimum stable-operation output, with the basic design to follow Abbildung 14 like non-synchronous plants ('Die Grundauslegung soll dabei nach Abbildung 14 wie bei nichtsynchronen Stromerzeugungsanlagen erfolgen', Seite 33 - modal 'soll'). Overexcited-region active-power reduction of at most 10% of Pmax also applies here. Storage applicability: not explicit in Kap. 5.3.3.2 - a grid-scale BESS is a non-synchronous plant bound via Kap. 2.4 (p.11): storage treated like a Stromerzeugungsanlage, all provisions apply unless expressly determined otherwise. National determined value implementing Regulation (EU) 2016/631 (RfG).	TOR Stromerzeugungsanlagen Typ D, Version 1.4, Kapitel 5.3.3.2 'Blindleistungskapazität unterhalb der Nennscheinleistung bzw. Maximalkapazität', Abbildung 14 (Seite 33) + TOR Stromerzeugungsanlagen Typ D, Version 1.4, Kapitel 5.3.3.2 (Seite 33, paragraph following Abbildung 14)
The clauses this row cites TOR Stromerzeugungsanlagen Typ D, Version 1.4, Kapitel 5.3.3.2 'Blindleistungskapazität unterhalb der Nennscheinleistung bzw. Maximalkapazität', Abbildung 14 (Seite 33) — “ Im Arbeitsbereich P < 0,2 Pmax darf sich das Blindleistungsverhalten der nichtsynchronen Stromerzeugungsanlage nicht sprunghaft ändern; eine exakte Einhaltung der Vorgabe wird in diesem Arbeitsbereich nicht gefordert (grauer Bereich in der Abbildung). ” Translation: “ In the operating range P < 0.2 Pmax, the reactive power behaviour of the non-synchronous power-generating facility must not change abruptly; exact compliance with the requirement is not demanded in this operating range (grey area in the figure). ” (TOR Stromerzeugungsanlagen: Anschluss und Parallelbetrieb von Stromerzeugungsanlagen des Typs D, Version 1.4, accessed 2026-08-09) TOR Stromerzeugungsanlagen Typ D, Version 1.4, Kapitel 5.3.3.2 (Seite 33, paragraph following Abbildung 14) — “ Während des Betriebs unterhalb der Maximalkapazität (P < Pmax) muss die nichtsynchrone Stromerzeugungsanlage in der Lage sein, Blindleistung auf jedem Betriebspunkt innerhalb ihres P-Q/Pmax-Profils bereitzustellen, wenn alle Stromerzeugungseinheiten dieser nichtsynchronen Stromerzeugungsanlage technisch zur Verfügung stehen, d. h. nicht wegen Wartungsarbeiten oder eines Ausfalls außer Betrieb sind; anderenfalls können unter Berücksichtigung der technischen Verfügbarkeit geringere Blindleistungskapazitäten zur Verfügung stehen. ” Translation: “ During operation below maximum capacity (P < Pmax), the non-synchronous power-generating facility must be capable of providing reactive power at every operating point within its P-Q/Pmax profile if all power-generating units of this non-synchronous power-generating facility are technically available, i.e. are not out of service due to maintenance work or an outage; otherwise, lower reactive power capabilities may be available taking the technical availability into account. ” (TOR Stromerzeugungsanlagen: Anschluss und Parallelbetrieb von Stromerzeugungsanlagen des Typs D, Version 1.4, accessed 2026-08-09)
LFSM-O / LFSM-U - thresholds, droop range, defaults Frequency response	Applies to Stromerzeugungsanlagen; for electrical energy storage TOR Typ D expressly refers the LFSM-O and LFSM-U requirement to the TOR Verteilernetzanschluss (Kap. 5.1.3 p.19 and Kap. 5.1.6 p.23) — do not apply the values below to a BESS without checking that document, whose storage settings differ for LFSM-U only (droop 1–2 %, default 1 %; LFSM-O unchanged at 2–12 %, default 5 %). LFSM-O: threshold freely adjustable 50.2-50.5 Hz, droop (Statik) s2 freely adjustable 2-12%; defaults absent operator specification: 50.2 Hz and 5%. LFSM-U: threshold freely adjustable 49.8-49.5 Hz, droop s2 adjustable 2-12%; defaults: 49.8 Hz and 5%. Reference basis Pref = Pmax for synchronous plants, actual output at threshold-crossing for non-synchronous plants Binds all Type D Stromerzeugungsanlagen. Frequency measurement resolution ≤ 10 mHz; tolerance band ±5% of rated power around the steady-state endpoint (both modes); activation delay above 2 s must be justified to the relevant TSO (LFSM-O requires technical evidence, 'unter Vorlage technischer Nachweise', p.18; LFSM-U Ziffer iii p.21 requires only justification), any parametrisable artificial delay set to 0 s/deactivated; recommended (modal 'empfohlen', not required) response times for non-synchronous plants: LFSM-O TA ≤ 2 s for a 50% Pmax reduction, TE ≤ 20 s; LFSM-U TA ≤ 10 s for a 50% Pmax increase (wind: TA ≤ 5 s for 20% Pmax if pre-activation output ≥ 50% Pmax). LFSM-U delivery is within technical/operational possibilities; no permanent headline reserve required (footnote 15). Storage applicability: explicit carve-out - for electrical energy storage both chapters refer the LFSM-O and LFSM-U requirement to the TOR Verteilernetzanschluss; otherwise storage is bound like generation via Kap. 2.4. National determined values implementing Regulation (EU) 2016/631 (RfG). Referral text, verbatim: p.19 'Für die LFSM-O-Anforderung an elektrische Energiespeicher wird auf die TOR Verteilernetzanschluss verwiesen.' and p.23 'Für die LFSM-U-Anforderung an elektrische Energiespeicher wird auf die TOR Verteilernetzanschluss verwiesen.' (EN: 'For the LFSM-O / LFSM-U requirement for electrical energy storage, reference is made to the TOR Verteilernetzanschluss.') The TOR states a cross-reference; it does not in terms say the Typ D values cease to apply. Consequence, checked at source: TOR Verteilernetzanschluss – Hochspannung V1.3.1 Kap. 5.1.2.2 sets the storage LFSM-U droop at 1–2 % freely adjustable with default 1 % and Pref = Pmax,E (LFSM-O storage settings do coincide with Typ D: 50,2–50,5 Hz, 2–12 %, defaults 50,2 Hz / 5 %). Scope gap worth stating: the TOR Verteilernetzanschluss is a three-part family (Niederspannung / Mittelspannung / Hochspannung, all V1.3.1) whose Hochspannung part is scoped to '> 36 kV bis ≤ 110 kV', so a 220/380 kV transmission-connected Type D BESS falls outside all three parts and the referral resolves to nothing. Referred-out values, quoted at source so the chain is complete: TOR Verteilernetzanschluss – Hochspannung V1.3.1, Kap. 5.1.2.2 'Standardeinstellungen für elektrische Energiespeicher' (PDF p.18) prints 'Die Statik s für den LFSM-O-Modus muss von 2 % bis 12 % frei einstellbar sein. Die Statik s für den LFSM-U-Modus muss von 1 % bis 2 % frei einstellbar sein.' and, absent a VNB specification, defaults 'LFSM-O-Modus … Frequenzschwellenwert = 50,2 Hz … Statik s = 5 %' and 'LFSM-U-Modus … Frequenzschwellenwert = 49,8 Hz … Statik s = 1 %' (English: the droop s for LFSM-O shall be freely adjustable from 2 % to 12 %; the droop s for LFSM-U shall be freely adjustable from 1 % to 2 %; defaults 50,2 Hz / 5 % and 49,8 Hz / 1 % respectively). So for storage it is the LFSM-U droop that differs from Typ D — LFSM-O range and default coincide.	TOR Stromerzeugungsanlagen Typ D, Version 1.4, Kapitel 5.1.3 'Wirkleistungsreduktion bei Überfrequenz (LFSM-O)' (Seite 18) + TOR Stromerzeugungsanlagen Typ D, Version 1.4, Kapitel 5.1.6 'Wirkleistungserhöhung bei Unterfrequenz (LFSM-U)', Ziffer i (Seite 21)
The clauses this row cites TOR Stromerzeugungsanlagen Typ D, Version 1.4, Kapitel 5.1.3 'Wirkleistungsreduktion bei Überfrequenz (LFSM-O)' (Seite 18) — “ Der Frequenzschwellenwert für den Beginn des LFSM-O-Modus muss von 50,2 Hz bis 50,5 Hz frei einstellbar sein. Die Statik s2 für den LFSM-O-Modus muss von 2 % bis 12 % frei einstellbar sein. Sofern der Netzbetreiber keine anderweitige Vorgabe für den LFSM-O-Modus macht, sind ein Frequenzschwellenwert von 50,2 Hz und eine Statik von 5 % zu verwenden - siehe Abbildung 1. ” Translation: “ The frequency threshold for the start of the LFSM-O mode must be freely adjustable from 50.2 Hz to 50.5 Hz. The droop s2 for the LFSM-O mode must be freely adjustable from 2 % to 12 %. Unless the network operator makes a different specification for the LFSM-O mode, a frequency threshold of 50.2 Hz and a droop of 5 % shall be used - see Figure 1. ” (TOR Stromerzeugungsanlagen: Anschluss und Parallelbetrieb von Stromerzeugungsanlagen des Typs D, Version 1.4, accessed 2026-08-09) TOR Stromerzeugungsanlagen Typ D, Version 1.4, Kapitel 5.1.6 'Wirkleistungserhöhung bei Unterfrequenz (LFSM-U)', Ziffer i (Seite 21) — “ Bei Stromerzeugungsanlagen muss der LFSM-U Frequenzschwellenwert - der Frequenzwert für den Beginn des LFSM-U-Modus - von 49,8 Hz bis 49,5 Hz frei einstellbar sein. Die Statik s2 für den LFSM-U-Modus muss von 2 % bis 12 % frei einstellbar sein. Sofern der Netzbetreiber keine anderweitige Vorgabe für den LFSM-U-Modus macht, sind ein LFSM-U-Frequenzschwellwert von 49,8 Hz und eine Statik s2 von 5 % zu verwenden – siehe Abbildung 5; ” Translation: “ For power-generating facilities, the LFSM-U frequency threshold - the frequency value for the start of the LFSM-U mode - must be freely adjustable from 49.8 Hz to 49.5 Hz. The droop s2 for the LFSM-U mode must be freely adjustable from 2 % to 12 %. Unless the network operator makes a different specification for the LFSM-U mode, an LFSM-U frequency threshold of 49.8 Hz and a droop s2 of 5 % shall be used – see Figure 5; ” (TOR Stromerzeugungsanlagen: Anschluss und Parallelbetrieb von Stromerzeugungsanlagen des Typs D, Version 1.4, accessed 2026-08-09)
FSM - optional capability; deadband, droop, insensitivity parameters (Tabelle 2) Frequency response	FSM is not mandatory (may be agreed with the relevant TSO); when operated in FSM: deadband adjustable between 0 and 200 mHz, droop (Statik) s1 adjustable from 2%, insensitivity of the frequency response 10 mHz (0.02% of fn), active power range of the response \|dP1\|/Pmax at least 1.5% (basis Pmax) Capability voluntary for Type D Stromerzeugungsanlagen; the cumulative parameter requirements bind only when FSM operation is agreed/active. Full-activation dynamics per Tabelle 3 (Seite 25): maximum initial delay t1 = 2 Sekunden for plants with rotating inertia and 0,5 Sekunden for plants without inertia (non-synchronous, i.e. BESS-relevant) unless a longer time is technically justified; maximum time to full activation t2 = 30 Sekunden unless the TSO permits longer; full response must be sustainable for at least 30 Minuten (Ziffer v, Seite 26). FSM compliance does not by itself entitle participation in the balancing-reserve market (footnote 16). Storage applicability: no storage-specific carve-out in Kap. 5.1.7 (unlike LFSM-O/U) - storage bound like generation via Kap. 2.4 definitional chain when FSM is agreed. National determined values implementing Regulation (EU) 2016/631 (RfG).	TOR Stromerzeugungsanlagen Typ D, Version 1.4, Kapitel 5.1.7 'Frequenzabhängiger Modus (Frequency Sensitive Mode, FSM)' (Seite 23) + TOR Stromerzeugungsanlagen Typ D, Version 1.4, Kapitel 5.1.7, Tabelle 2 'Parameter für die frequenzabhängige Wirkleistungsanpassung' (Seite 24)
The clauses this row cites TOR Stromerzeugungsanlagen Typ D, Version 1.4, Kapitel 5.1.7 'Frequenzabhängiger Modus (Frequency Sensitive Mode, FSM)' (Seite 23) — “ Die Fähigkeit frequenzabhängiger Modus (FSM) ist nicht zwingend erforderlich, kann aber zwischen dem relevanten Übertragungsnetzbetreiber in Abstimmung mit dem relevanten Netzbetreiber und Netzbenutzer vereinbart werden. ” Translation: “ The frequency sensitive mode (FSM) capability is not mandatorily required, but may be agreed between the relevant transmission system operator in coordination with the relevant network operator and the network user. ” (TOR Stromerzeugungsanlagen: Anschluss und Parallelbetrieb von Stromerzeugungsanlagen des Typs D, Version 1.4, accessed 2026-08-09) TOR Stromerzeugungsanlagen Typ D, Version 1.4, Kapitel 5.1.7, Tabelle 2 'Parameter für die frequenzabhängige Wirkleistungsanpassung' (Seite 24) — “ Wirkleistungsbereich, bezogen auf die Maximalkapazität \|∆P1\|/Pmax \| mind. 1,5 % — Unempfindlichkeit der frequenzabhängigen Reaktion \| \|∆fi\| 10 mHz \| \|∆fi\|/fn 0,02 % — Totband der frequenzabhängigen Reaktion \| einstellbar zwischen 0 und 200 mHz; bei der Erbringung von Primärregelreserve sind die aktuell gültigen Präqualifikationsbedingungen für Primärregelreserve des relevanten ÜNB zu berücksichtigen. — Statik s1 \| einstellbar ab 2 % ” Translation: “ Active power range, related to the maximum capacity \|dP1\|/Pmax \| min. 1.5 % — Insensitivity of the frequency-dependent response \| \|dfi\| 10 mHz \| \|dfi\|/fn 0.02 % — Deadband of the frequency-dependent response \| adjustable between 0 and 200 mHz; when providing primary control reserve, the currently valid prequalification conditions for primary control reserve of the relevant TSO must be taken into account. — Droop s1 \| adjustable from 2 % ” (TOR Stromerzeugungsanlagen: Anschluss und Parallelbetrieb von Stromerzeugungsanlagen des Typs D, Version 1.4, accessed 2026-08-09)
Frequency and voltage operating bands (Tabelle 1; Tabellen 4-6) Continuous operating range	Frequency: 49.0-51.0 Hz unlimited; 48.5-49.0 Hz ≥ 90 minutes (footnote 14: if not possible for the prime-mover technology, the longest possible period, at least 60 minutes); 47.5-48.5 Hz ≥ 60 minutes; 51.0-51.5 Hz ≥ 30 minutes. Voltage at connection point, 110-300 kV base: 0.9-1.118 p.u. unlimited; 0.85-0.9 p.u. ≥ 60 minutes; 1.118-1.15 p.u. ≥ 30 minutes Binds all Type D Stromerzeugungsanlagen; minimum periods for remaining connected and operating without disconnection, measured at the Netzanschlusspunkt (voltage bands relative to reference 1 p.u.). For 300-400 kV base voltage Tabelle 6 applies instead: 0,9-1,05 p.u. unlimited, 0,85-0,9 p.u. 60 Minuten, 1,05-1,1 p.u. 30 Minuten; for an MV-level connection point Tabelle 4: 0,9-1,1 p.u. unlimited, 0,85-0,9 p.u. 180 Sekunden. Within the Kap. 5.1.1/5.3.1 bands, operation must continue without power reduction (subject to Kap. 5.1.5 underfrequency capability reduction). Wider bands/longer periods may be agreed; the TSO may set shorter periods for simultaneous overvoltage+underfrequency or undervoltage+overfrequency. This is the continuous/time-limited operating range, not the FRT curve (FRT is Kap. 5.2.1, deliberately not extracted). Storage applicability: not explicit here - bound via Kap. 2.4 generation-scoped rule. National determined values implementing Regulation (EU) 2016/631 (RfG).	TOR Stromerzeugungsanlagen Typ D, Version 1.4, Kapitel 5.1.1 'Frequenzbereiche', Tabelle 1 (Seite 17) + TOR Stromerzeugungsanlagen Typ D, Version 1.4, Kapitel 5.3.1 'Spannungsbereiche', Tabelle 5 (Seite 31)
The clauses this row cites TOR Stromerzeugungsanlagen Typ D, Version 1.4, Kapitel 5.1.1 'Frequenzbereiche', Tabelle 1 (Seite 17) — “ Frequenzbereich \| Mindestzeitraum — 47,5 Hz – 48,5 Hz \| 60 Minuten — 48,5 Hz – 49,0 Hz \| 90 Minuten — 49,0 Hz – 51,0 Hz \| unbegrenzt — 51,0 Hz – 51,5 Hz \| 30 Minuten — Tabelle 1: Mindestzeiträume, in deren eine Stromerzeugungsanlage in der Lage sein muss, bei Abweichungen von der Nennfrequenz ohne Trennung vom Netz zu arbeiten ” Translation: “ Frequency range \| minimum time period — 47.5 Hz – 48.5 Hz \| 60 minutes — 48.5 Hz – 49.0 Hz \| 90 minutes — 49.0 Hz – 51.0 Hz \| unlimited — 51.0 Hz – 51.5 Hz \| 30 minutes — Table 1: Minimum time periods within which a power-generating facility must be capable of operating at deviations from the nominal frequency without disconnection from the network ” (TOR Stromerzeugungsanlagen: Anschluss und Parallelbetrieb von Stromerzeugungsanlagen des Typs D, Version 1.4, accessed 2026-08-09) TOR Stromerzeugungsanlagen Typ D, Version 1.4, Kapitel 5.3.1 'Spannungsbereiche', Tabelle 5 (Seite 31) — “ Spannungsbereich \| Mindestzeitraum — 0,85 p.u. – 0,9 p.u. \| 60 Minuten — 0,9 p.u. – 1,118 p.u. \| unbegrenzt — 1,118 p.u. – 1,15 p.u. \| 30 Minuten — Tabelle 5: Mindestzeiträume, in denen eine Stromerzeugungsanlage in der Lage sein muss, bei Abweichungen der Spannung am Netzanschlusspunkt vom Referenzwert 1 p.u. ohne Trennung vom Netz zu arbeiten, wenn die Basisspannung für die p.u.-Werte zwischen 110 kV und 300 kV liegt ” Translation: “ Voltage range \| minimum time period — 0.85 p.u. – 0.9 p.u. \| 60 minutes — 0.9 p.u. – 1.118 p.u. \| unlimited — 1.118 p.u. – 1.15 p.u. \| 30 minutes — Table 5: Minimum time periods within which a power-generating facility must be capable of operating at deviations of the voltage at the network connection point from the reference value 1 p.u. without disconnection from the network, if the base voltage for the p.u. values lies between 110 kV and 300 kV ” (TOR Stromerzeugungsanlagen: Anschluss und Parallelbetrieb von Stromerzeugungsanlagen des Typs D, Version 1.4, accessed 2026-08-09)
Active-power gradient capability band 1.66-40 %Pmax/min (both directions) Ramp rate	Plants must be capable of holding active-power gradients between an upper limit (Maximalgradient) of 40% of Pmax per minute and a lower limit (Mindestgradient) of 1.66% of Pmax per minute, in both directions between minimum and maximum load; equivalent full 0-100% Pmax change in a minimum of 2.5 minutes and maximum of 60 minutes (subject to primary energy availability) Capability requirement on Type D Stromerzeugungsanlagen in the context of active-power setpoint instructions from the relevant network operator/TSO (Kap. 5.4.1); applies within the operating range between Mindestlast and Maximallast. Deviating values for reaching setpoints may be agreed depending on primary energy source, generation technology and system relevance; setpoint compliance tolerance ±5% of Pmax. No separate charge/discharge ramp values are stated for storage - 'in beide Richtungen' refers to upward/downward output changes. Storage applicability: not explicit in Kap. 5.4.1 - binds electrical energy storage via the generation-scoped rule of Kap. 2.4 (treated like a Stromerzeugungsanlage unless expressly determined otherwise). National determined value implementing Regulation (EU) 2016/631 (RfG).	TOR Stromerzeugungsanlagen Typ D, Version 1.4, Kapitel 5.4.1 'Wirkleistungsvorgabe durch den Netzbetreiber' (Seite 36)
The clause this row cites TOR Stromerzeugungsanlagen Typ D, Version 1.4, Kapitel 5.4.1 'Wirkleistungsvorgabe durch den Netzbetreiber' (Seite 36) — “ Stromerzeugungsanlagen müssen in der Lage sein, folgende Leistungsgradienten für die Änderung der Wirkleistungsabgabe innerhalb ihres Betriebsbereiches zwischen Mindestlast und Maximallast in beide Richtungen einzuhalten: - Obergrenze (Maximalgradient): 40 % von Pmax pro Minute - Untergrenze (Mindestgradient): 1,66 % von Pmax pro Minute Damit ergeben sich für eine vollständige Änderung der Wirkleistungsabgabe im Bereich 0 bis 100 % von Pmax folgende Zeiträume (vorbehaltlich der Verfügbarkeit des Primärenergieträgers): - Mindestzeitraum: 2,5 Minuten - Maximalzeitraum: 60 Minuten ” Translation: “ Power-generating facilities must be capable of complying with the following power gradients for the change of active power output within their operating range between minimum load and maximum load in both directions: - Upper limit (maximum gradient): 40 % of Pmax per minute - Lower limit (minimum gradient): 1.66 % of Pmax per minute This results in the following time periods for a complete change of the active power output in the range 0 to 100 % of Pmax (subject to the availability of the primary energy source): - Minimum period: 2.5 minutes - Maximum period: 60 minutes ” (TOR Stromerzeugungsanlagen: Anschluss und Parallelbetrieb von Stromerzeugungsanlagen des Typs D, Version 1.4, accessed 2026-08-09)
RoCoF withstand 2 Hz/s RoCoF withstand	Stay connected and maintain operation at frequency gradients up to 2 Hz/s; no measuring window is specified; RoCoF-triggered protection is in principle not provided for, but the relevant network operator may require one in certain circumstances Binds all Type D Stromerzeugungsanlagen; exception only where disconnection is caused by tripping of the loss-of-mains protection (generator protection or network decoupling protection) as a consequence of the frequency gradient; RoCoF protection parametrisation, where required, is determined by the relevant network operator in coordination with the relevant TSO. Storage applicability: not explicit in Kap. 5.1.2 - binds electrical energy storage via the generation-scoped rule of Kap. 2.4 (quoted as quote2): storage is treated like a Stromerzeugungsanlage in its effect on the grid, and unless expressly determined otherwise all provisions of this TOR part apply; special storage rules sit in the TOR Verteilernetzanschluss. National determined value implementing Regulation (EU) 2016/631 (RfG).	TOR Stromerzeugungsanlagen Typ D, Version 1.4, Kapitel 5.1.2 'Frequenzgradienten' (Seite 17) + TOR Stromerzeugungsanlagen Typ D, Version 1.4, Kapitel 2.4 'Anwendung auf Speicher' (Seite 11)
The clauses this row cites TOR Stromerzeugungsanlagen Typ D, Version 1.4, Kapitel 5.1.2 'Frequenzgradienten' (Seite 17) — “ Stromerzeugungsanlagen müssen in der Lage sein, bei Frequenzgradienten bis zu 2 Hz/s die Verbindung mit dem Netz und den Betrieb aufrechtzuerhalten, soweit die Trennung vom Netz nicht von einer Auslösung des Netzausfallschutzes (Generatorschutz oder Netzentkupplungsschutz) in Folge des Frequenzgradienten verursacht wurde. ” Translation: “ Power-generating facilities must be capable of maintaining the connection to the network and operation at frequency gradients of up to 2 Hz/s, insofar as the disconnection from the network was not caused by a tripping of the loss-of-mains protection (generator protection or network decoupling protection) as a consequence of the frequency gradient. ” (TOR Stromerzeugungsanlagen: Anschluss und Parallelbetrieb von Stromerzeugungsanlagen des Typs D, Version 1.4, accessed 2026-08-09) TOR Stromerzeugungsanlagen Typ D, Version 1.4, Kapitel 2.4 'Anwendung auf Speicher' (Seite 11) — “ Elektrische Energiespeicher sind in ihrer Wirkung auf das Netz grundsätzlich wie Stromerzeugungsanlagen oder Verbraucheranlagen zu werten. Sofern nicht ausdrücklich anders bestimmt, gelten die Bestimmungen dieses Teils der TOR auch für elektrische Energiespeicher. Darüber hinaus sind spezielle Regelungen für elektrische Energiespeicher laut TOR Verteilernetzanschluss zu beachten. ” Translation: “ In their effect on the network, electrical energy storage facilities are in principle to be assessed like power-generating facilities or consumer installations. Unless expressly determined otherwise, the provisions of this part of the TOR also apply to electrical energy storage facilities. In addition, special rules for electrical energy storage facilities according to the TOR Verteilernetzanschluss must be observed. ” (TOR Stromerzeugungsanlagen: Anschluss und Parallelbetrieb von Stromerzeugungsanlagen des Typs D, Version 1.4, accessed 2026-08-09)
Dynamic reactive current: k default 2, adjustable 2-6, positive and negative sequence, Q priority Fault-current injection	Additional reactive current dIB1,2 = k x du1,2 in both positive and negative sequence; gain k specified by the relevant network operator, default k = 2 absent a specification, adjustable 2 ≤ k ≤ 6 in steps of 0.5; activation at fault onset (voltage step ≥ 5% or U > 1.1 p.u. / U < 0.9 p.u. at the connection point); reactive power contribution has priority over active power for non-synchronous plants at MV level or above Binds non-synchronous Stromerzeugungsanlagen connected at medium voltage or higher (all Type D BESS qualify) during faults requiring FRT capability, for symmetrical and asymmetrical faults; the k formula is written in the Verbraucher-Zählpfeilsystem (load/consumer sign convention; du1,2 negative for a voltage dip); the k-step adjustability exception applies to directly coupled asynchronous generators under asymmetrical faults. After fault clearance the transition to steady-state voltage control should be continuous, not stepwise; plants must be able to inject a reactive current of at least the rated current ('einen Blindstrom von mindestens der Höhe des Bemessungsstromes einzuspeisen', Seite 30); continuous dynamic voltage support acting permanently in parallel with steady-state control is also permitted; the network operator may derogate from the Q-over-P priority in justified cases in the connection contract. Storage applicability: not explicit in Kap. 5.2.2.1 - binds electrical energy storage via Kap. 2.4 generation-scoped rule; variable-speed pumped storage is explicitly pointed to Kap. 5.2.2.1 by Kap. 2.4. National determined values implementing Regulation (EU) 2016/631 (RfG). The activation thresholds (voltage step ≥ 5%; U > 1.1 / U < 0.9 p.u.) are stated in the bullet immediately preceding the quoted text within the same clause — cited from that bullet, not from the quotes below.	TOR Stromerzeugungsanlagen Typ D, Version 1.4, Kapitel 5.2.2.1 'Verhalten im Fehlerfall' (Seite 29) + TOR Stromerzeugungsanlagen Typ D, Version 1.4, Kapitel 5.2.2.1 'Verhalten im Fehlerfall', opening paragraph (Seite 29)
The clauses this row cites TOR Stromerzeugungsanlagen Typ D, Version 1.4, Kapitel 5.2.2.1 'Verhalten im Fehlerfall' (Seite 29) — “ Der zusätzliche Blindstrom ∆iB1,2 ist proportional zur Spannungsabweichung ∆u1,2 und einem Verstärkungsfaktor k, welcher vom relevanten Netzbetreiber unter Berücksichtigung der wesentlichen Impedanzen zwischen der oder den Stromerzeugungseinheit(en) der nichtsynchronen Stromerzeugungsanlage und dem Netzanschlusspunkt vorgegeben wird. Sofern der relevante Netzbetreiber keine anderwärtige Vorgabe für den Verstärkungsfaktor k macht, ist ein Wert k = 2 zu wählen. Für nachfolgende Formel wird das Verbraucher-Zählpfeilsystem verwendet. ∆iB1 = k * ∆u1 ∆iB2 = k * ∆u2 ∆iB1...zusätzlicher Blindstrom im Mitsystem ∆iB2...zusätzlicher Blindstrom im Gegensystem ∆u1... Änderung der Mitsystemspannung ∆u2... Änderung der Gegensystemspannung k...Verstärkungsfaktor (2 ≤ k ≤ 6), einstellbar in Schritten von 0,5 (ausgenommen Stromerzeugungsanlagen mit direkt gekoppelten Asynchrongeneratoren bei asymmetrischen Fehlern); ” Translation: “ The additional reactive current diB1,2 is proportional to the voltage deviation du1,2 and a gain factor k, which is specified by the relevant network operator taking into account the significant impedances between the power-generating unit(s) of the non-synchronous power-generating facility and the network connection point. Unless the relevant network operator makes a different specification for the gain factor k, a value k = 2 shall be chosen. The load (consumer) sign convention is used for the following formula. diB1 = k * du1 diB2 = k * du2 diB1...additional reactive current in the positive sequence diB2...additional reactive current in the negative sequence du1... change of the positive-sequence voltage du2... change of the negative-sequence voltage k...gain factor (2 ≤ k ≤ 6), adjustable in steps of 0.5 (excepting power-generating facilities with directly coupled asynchronous generators under asymmetrical faults); ” (TOR Stromerzeugungsanlagen: Anschluss und Parallelbetrieb von Stromerzeugungsanlagen des Typs D, Version 1.4, accessed 2026-08-09) TOR Stromerzeugungsanlagen Typ D, Version 1.4, Kapitel 5.2.2.1 'Verhalten im Fehlerfall', opening paragraph (Seite 29) — “ Bei Fehlern, die eine FRT-Fähigkeit erfordern, müssen nichtsynchrone Stromerzeugungsanlagen mit Anschluss an das Mittelspannungsnetz oder einer höheren Spannungsebene dem Blindleistungsbeitrag gegenüber dem Wirkleistungsbeitrag Vorrang geben. Der relevante Netzbetreiber kann in begründeten Fällen im Netzanschlussvertrag eine Abweichung von dieser Priorisierung vorsehen. ” Translation: “ In the case of faults requiring an FRT capability, non-synchronous power-generating facilities connected to the medium-voltage network or a higher voltage level must give priority to the reactive power contribution over the active power contribution. In justified cases, the relevant network operator may provide for a deviation from this prioritisation in the network connection contract. ” (TOR Stromerzeugungsanlagen: Anschluss und Parallelbetrieb von Stromerzeugungsanlagen des Typs D, Version 1.4, accessed 2026-08-09)

Scope

Who does Austria (E-Control TOR Typ D) bind, and since when?

Type D non-synchronous PGM, ≥110 kV or ≥50 MW. No date of effect is published here — grid codes are reissued, so check the current issue before relying on it.

These figures are a reading aid, not legal advice. Grid codes are reissued: verify against the current edition before you design to them.

Curve data last checked against the code on 2026-08-11 — 66 standards, 130 envelopes, published by bess.engineer under CC BY 4.0.

Questions

Questions this page answers about Austria (E-Control TOR Typ D)

Does Austria (E-Control TOR Typ D) require ride-through, or only that the plant does not trip?: Ride-through. Every envelope on this page is a performance duty the plant must meet, not a protection-setting no-trip boundary — they are different obligations. That is what these curves are; they are not everything Austria (E-Control TOR Typ D) contains. The requirement sentence under each chart says which side of the curve is the compliant one.
Are the numbers on this page taken from Austria (E-Control TOR Typ D) itself?: Every breakpoint is read from the code, and where a point was taken off a published figure rather than stated in the clause, the section under that chart says so — on this page that includes an envelope that stops where its published chart stops. The clause each curve came from is quoted under it.
Which events are charted for Austria (E-Control TOR Typ D)?: Austria (E-Control TOR Typ D) is charted here with 2 envelopes — low-voltage ride-through, frequency ride-through (LVRT, FRT). No high-voltage envelope is charted here — check Austria (E-Control TOR Typ D) itself before concluding it sets none. Its steady-state voltage-band figure adds one more, drawn from the code's continuous-operating-range table rather than from a ride-through curve.

Ride-through, in context.

An envelope is a compliance boundary; understanding why it exists is a different question. The ride-through and grid-forming entries cover the engineering, and the Engineering Foundations course builds it from the physics up.

Elsewhere in Europe: Belgium (Federal Grid Code), Denmark (TR 3.3.1), Finland (Fingrid VJV2024), France (RTE), Germany (VDE-AR-N 4120, draft summary), Greece (ADMIE/IPTO RfG), and 13 more

All 66 grid codes Open the chart