Switzerland (Swissgrid CESS minimum) ride-through requirements
Low-voltage ride-through for Switzerland. Every breakpoint below is read from the code itself, and where a point was taken off a published figure rather than stated in the clause, the section under that chart says so — an envelope that stops where its published chart stops or a curve with no recorded source class.
What is the low-voltage ride-through envelope for Switzerland (Swissgrid CESS minimum)?
The plant must ride through for any voltage that stays on or above this envelope. The envelope holds 0 pu from t = 0 to 200 ms; then ramps linearly from 0 pu at 200 ms to 0.85 pu at 1.5 s; then 0.85 pu from 1.5 s, plotted to 60 s.
The clause states this boundary as a line; intermediate points are interpolated between its stated vertices. The envelope stops where the published chart stops; the code states no end time. Check these points against the clause quoted below before relying on them.
| From | To | Voltage | Between the points |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 200 ms | 0 pu | Held flat |
| 200 ms | 1.5 s | 0 → 0.85 pu | Ramps linearly |
| 1.5 s | plotted to 60 s | 0.85 pu | Held flat |
The clause this came from
Swissgrid, 'Technical minimum requirements for the connection of converter-based energy storage systems' (CESS), Version 1.1 of 29 May 2026 - section 3.2.4, Figure 4 (p. 12), read together with section 4.1. Superseded/contrasted source: Swissgrid-VSE 'Transmission Code 2019 (TC-CH)', section 6.5.5, Figure 15, Type 2 curve (Uret2 = 5-15 % Uc, band not a value).
How long must the plant keep operating outside nominal voltage under Switzerland (Swissgrid CESS minimum)?
The ride-through envelope above answers how deep a disturbance the plant must survive. These bands answer the other question Switzerland (Swissgrid CESS minimum) settles: how long it must keep operating at a voltage that is off nominal but steady.
A blue band ending in an arrow runs on, because the code states no end for it; a copper bar stops at the time the code prints, and only that right-hand end is data — every bar starts at the left edge of the axis.
Read off a diagram, not a table: Abbildung 6 plots voltage against frequency, so the band edges are read against its voltage axis and the durations off the labels printed inside its shaded regions, not from a table row. It is also a slice — the continuous ('dauernd') plateau and both 60-minute shoulders hold only while frequency is 49.0–51.0 Hz.
Steady-state voltage operating bands — 400 kV level
grid voltage in kV at the connection point, per voltage level of the Swiss transmission grid (bands as drawn in Abbildung 6, valid at 49.0–51.0 Hz)
Steady-state voltage operating bands — 220 kV level
grid voltage in kV at the connection point, per voltage level of the Swiss transmission grid (bands as drawn in Abbildung 6, valid at 49.0–51.0 Hz)
Operating requirements beyond the envelopes.
The figures above are what Switzerland (Swissgrid CESS minimum) demands during a disturbance and while it sits off nominal. The rows below are the same regime’s operating and fault-response requirements — reactive capability, frequency response, continuous operating range, ramp rate, RoCoF withstand and fault-current injection — each researched from the document its own row cites, separately from the plotted corpus. Every row carries its clause and a verbatim quote, so you can check it the same way, including the continuous-operating-range row the staircases above are drawn from.
| Requirement | What the code states | Clause |
|---|---|---|
| Reactive capability cos(Φ) = 0.925 both directions, incl. P = 0 Reactive capability | cos(Φ) = 0.925 minimum in both positive and negative direction at rated power (Nennleistung basis); full Q per capability curve (Figures 1–3) required in all operating states including zero active-power exchange Binds storage explicitly: the document applies to all converter-based energy storage systems (kESS, incl. BESS) connected at grid level 1 of the Swiss transmission grid (§1.1); the kESS with storage plant and inverter is treated as one unit. Measured at the connection point; active voltage maintenance per TC section 4.4.3 applies; the kESS must be able to both feed in and draw reactive power. Higher reactive provision is permitted and desired. U-Q capacity diagrams: Figure 2 (380 kV network, 340–440 kV) and Figure 3 (220 kV network, 187–253 kV), both spanning cos(φ) 0.925 under- and over-excited with the envelope narrowing at the voltage-band extremes. | Kapitel 3.2.2 Blindleistungskapazität, incl. Abbildung 1–3, Technische Mindestanforderungen kESS, Version 1.1 vom 29. Mai 2026 + Kapitel 3.2.2 Blindleistungskapazität, Technische Mindestanforderungen kESS, Version 1.1 vom 29. Mai 2026 |
The clauses this row citesKapitel 3.2.2 Blindleistungskapazität, incl. Abbildung 1–3, Technische Mindestanforderungen kESS, Version 1.1 vom 29. Mai 2026 — “ Bei Nennleistung muss Blindleistung in sowohl positiver als auch negativer Richtung von mindestens cos(Φ) = 0,925 zur Verfügung gestellt werden können. Ein Blindleistungskapazitätsdiagramm analog zu Abbildung 2 und Abbildung 3 ist erforderlich. Höhere Blindleistungsbereitstellung ist zulässig und erwünscht. ” Translation: “ At rated power, reactive power of at least cos(Φ) = 0.925 must be available in both positive and negative directions. A reactive power capacity diagram analogous to Figure 2 and Figure 3 is required. Higher reactive power provision is permitted and desired. ” (Technische Mindestanforderungen für den Anschluss von konverterbasierten Energiespeichersystemen ans ÜN, Version 1.1, accessed 2026-08-09) Kapitel 3.2.2 Blindleistungskapazität, Technische Mindestanforderungen kESS, Version 1.1 vom 29. Mai 2026 — “ Bei allen Betriebszuständen einschliesslich dessen eines Wirkleistungsaustauschs von Null muss die Einheit in der Lage sein, Blindleistung gemäss Capability Curve in Abbildung 1 und Blindleistungskapazitätsdiagramm Abbildung 2 und Abbildung 3 einzuspeisen bzw. zu beziehen. ” Translation: “ In all operating states, including that of an active power exchange of zero, the unit must be able to feed in or draw reactive power in accordance with the capability curve in Figure 1 and the reactive power capacity diagram in Figure 2 and Figure 3. ” (Technische Mindestanforderungen für den Anschluss von konverterbasierten Energiespeichersystemen ans ÜN, Version 1.1, accessed 2026-08-09) | ||
| Overfrequency response from 50.2 Hz, droop 2–12 %, default 5 % Frequency response | From 50.2 Hz: linear active-power reduction (generation mode) / linear increase of active-power consumption (demand mode) with droop 2 % to 12 % (default should be 5 %), on PN basis (rated power in generation mode per §4.6 droop formula); response must start within 1 second Binds storage explicitly — applies to all kESS connected to the Swiss transmission grid (ÜN). Overfrequency control must always be activated. Purpose: prevent exceeding the critical frequency of 51.5 Hz; applies in particular when the ÜN is in a critical situation per TC Kapitel 2, in addition to TC 5.3 measures and to control energy already provided. LFSM-O equivalent with a storage-specific demand-mode leg (increase consumption). The demand-mode leg (linear increase of consumption) is stated in the same section’s demand-mode sentence adjacent to the quoted generation-mode text. | Kapitel 4.6.1 Überfrequenz (droop basis per Kapitel 4.6), Technische Mindestanforderungen kESS, Version 1.1 vom 29. Mai 2026 + Kapitel 4.6.1 Überfrequenz, Technische Mindestanforderungen kESS, Version 1.1 vom 29. Mai 2026 |
The clauses this row citesKapitel 4.6.1 Überfrequenz (droop basis per Kapitel 4.6), Technische Mindestanforderungen kESS, Version 1.1 vom 29. Mai 2026 — “ Alle kESS, welche an das ÜN angeschlossen sind, müssen ab einer Frequenz von 50,2 Hz die Wirkleistung linear reduzieren mit einer Statik zwischen 2% und 12%. Als Standardwert soll 5% eingestellt sein. ” Translation: “ All kESS connected to the TS must reduce the active power linearly from a frequency of 50.2 Hz with a droop of between 2% and 12%. The default value should be set to 5%. ” (Technische Mindestanforderungen für den Anschluss von konverterbasierten Energiespeichersystemen ans ÜN, Version 1.1, accessed 2026-08-09) Kapitel 4.6.1 Überfrequenz, Technische Mindestanforderungen kESS, Version 1.1 vom 29. Mai 2026 — “ Die Leistungsreaktion muss innerhalb von 1 Sekunde nach dem Überschreiten von 50,2 Hz einsetzen, um ein Überschreiten der kritischen Frequenz von 51,5 Hz zu verhindern. ” Translation: “ The power reaction must start within 1 second of exceeding 50.2 Hz in order to prevent the critical frequency of 51.5 Hz from being exceeded. ” (Technische Mindestanforderungen für den Anschluss von konverterbasierten Energiespeichersystemen ans ÜN, Version 1.1, accessed 2026-08-09) | ||
| Underfrequency response from 49.8 Hz, droop 0.2–5 %, default must be 1.6 % Frequency response | Below 49.8 Hz in demand (charging) mode: reduce active-power consumption linearly to 0 MW with droop 0.2 % to 5 % (default must be set to 1.6 %), PN basis; response must start within 1 second; if technically possible also increase active-power output; remain operationally ready at 0 MW to feed in reactive power Binds storage explicitly — applies to all kESS connected to the ÜN; this leg specifically governs the demand (charging) mode, a storage-native requirement. Purpose: prevent undershooting the critical frequency of 48.5 Hz; applies in particular in critical situations per TC Kapitel 2, in addition to TC 5.3 measures and control energy already provided. | Kapitel 4.6.2 Unterfrequenz, Technische Mindestanforderungen kESS, Version 1.1 vom 29. Mai 2026 + Kapitel 4.6.2 Unterfrequenz, Technische Mindestanforderungen kESS, Version 1.1 vom 29. Mai 2026 |
The clauses this row citesKapitel 4.6.2 Unterfrequenz, Technische Mindestanforderungen kESS, Version 1.1 vom 29. Mai 2026 — “ Alle kESS, welche an das ÜN angeschlossen sind, müssen ab einer Frequenz von 49,8 Hz die Wirkleistungsaufnahme linear reduzieren mit einer Statik zwischen 0,2% und 5%. Als Standardwert muss 1,6% eingestellt sein. ” Translation: “ All kESS connected to the TS must reduce the active power consumption linearly from a frequency of 49.8 Hz with a droop of between 0.2% and 5%. The default value must be set to 1.6%. ” (Technische Mindestanforderungen für den Anschluss von konverterbasierten Energiespeichersystemen ans ÜN, Version 1.1, accessed 2026-08-09) Kapitel 4.6.2 Unterfrequenz, Technische Mindestanforderungen kESS, Version 1.1 vom 29. Mai 2026 — “ Die Leistungsreaktion muss innerhalb von 1 Sekunde nach dem Unterschreiten von 49,8 Hz einsetzen, um ein Unterschreiten der kritischen Frequenz von 48,5 Hz zu verhindern. ” Translation: “ The power reaction must start within 1 second of falling below 49.8 Hz in order to prevent the critical frequency of 48.5 Hz from being undercut. ” (Technische Mindestanforderungen für den Anschluss von konverterbasierten Energiespeichersystemen ans ÜN, Version 1.1, accessed 2026-08-09) | ||
| Continuous 49.0–51.0 Hz; time-limited to 47.5/51.5 Hz and outer voltage bands Continuous operating range | Per Abbildung 6: continuous ('dauernd') operation 49.0–51.0 Hz within 360–420 kV (400 kV level) / 198–246 kV (220 kV level); 30 min for 47.5–49.0 Hz and 51.0–51.5 Hz; 60 min where labelled — the "60 Min." labels in Abbildung 6 span only 49.0–51.0 Hz; the four corner cells (outer voltage × outer frequency) are a distinct darker, unlabelled shade 420–440 kV / 246–253 kV and 340–360 kV / 187–198 kV; beyond (grey area) immediate disconnection permitted; must be able to connect to the ÜN between 49 Hz and 51 Hz Binds storage explicitly (§4.1 addresses owners of kESS at the ÜN; otherwise the TC applies). Voltage values apply at the connection point. No automatic disconnection by voltage- or frequency-dependent tripping devices is permitted within the Figure 6 ranges; in the 'dauernd' area no kESS may disconnect, and in the time-labelled areas it must remain connected for the stated time insofar as technically possible, e.g. with an automatic tap-changer transformer. §4.2 additionally requires continuous steady operation within the §4.1 range in normal operation. | Kapitel 4.1 Betriebsgrenzen mit Abbildung 6 (und Kapitel 4.2), Technische Mindestanforderungen kESS, Version 1.1 vom 29. Mai 2026 + Kapitel 4.1 Betriebsgrenzen, Technische Mindestanforderungen kESS, Version 1.1 vom 29. Mai 2026 |
The clauses this row citesKapitel 4.1 Betriebsgrenzen mit Abbildung 6 (und Kapitel 4.2), Technische Mindestanforderungen kESS, Version 1.1 vom 29. Mai 2026 — “ kESS müssen innerhalb der in Abbildung 6 angegebenen Werte der Netzspannung und der Netzfrequenz betrieben werden können, d.h. in diesen Bereichen dürfen diese nicht durch spannungs- oder frequenzabhängige Auslösegeräte automatisch vom Netz getrennt werden. ” Translation: “ kESS must be capable of being operated within the mains voltage and system frequency values specified in Figure 6, i.e. in these ranges they must not be automatically disconnected from the grid by voltage- or frequency-dependent tripping devices. ” (Technische Mindestanforderungen für den Anschluss von konverterbasierten Energiespeichersystemen ans ÜN, Version 1.1, accessed 2026-08-09) Kapitel 4.1 Betriebsgrenzen, Technische Mindestanforderungen kESS, Version 1.1 vom 29. Mai 2026 — “ Das kESS muss in der Lage sein, sich zwischen 49 Hz und 51 Hz mit dem ÜN zu verbinden. ” Translation: “ The kESS must be able to connect to the TS at between 49 Hz and 51 Hz. ” (Technische Mindestanforderungen für den Anschluss von konverterbasierten Energiespeichersystemen ans ÜN, Version 1.1, accessed 2026-08-09) | ||
| Adjustable ramp range at least 10–100 % of rated power per minute Ramp rate | Ramp rate must be limitable for both setpoint changes and frequency-related adjustments; adjustable range spans at least 10 % to 100 % of rated power (Nennleistung) per minute; change must be linear and without jumps; the maximum active-power change is set in the operating agreement (BV) and its annexes Binds storage explicitly (§3.1.1 active-power control of the kESS). Bidirectional: the kESS must enable a stepless transition between generation and demand mode, so the ramp regime spans charging and discharging; no separate charge/discharge ramp values are stated. Further requirements may apply for the ancillary-services market. Setpoint adjustable in both modes with 0.1 MW minimum resolution; actual power must not exceed the setpoint measured as a sliding 10-second mean (same section). | Kapitel 3.1.1 Steuerung der Wirkleistung im Normalbetrieb, Technische Mindestanforderungen kESS, Version 1.1 vom 29. Mai 2026 |
The clause this row citesKapitel 3.1.1 Steuerung der Wirkleistung im Normalbetrieb, Technische Mindestanforderungen kESS, Version 1.1 vom 29. Mai 2026 — “ Das kESS muss einen stufenlosen Übergang zwischen Erzeugung und Bedarf ermöglichen (bidirektionaler Betrieb). Die Änderungsrate der Wirkleistung (Ramp Rate) muss sowohl bei Sollwertänderungen als auch bei frequenzbedingten Anpassungen begrenzbar sein. Der einstellbare Bereich für die Rampen reicht von mindestens 10% bis 100% der Nennleistung pro Minute. In der BV [5] und Anhängen wird die maximale Änderung der Wirkleistung festgelegt. Die Änderung muss linear und ohne Sprünge erfolgen. ” Translation: “ The kESS must enable a stepless transition between generation and demand (bidirectional operation). It must be possible to limit the rate of change of the active power (ramp rate) both for setpoint changes and for frequency-related adjustments. The adjustable range for the ramps extends from at least 10% to 100% of the rated power per minute. The BV [5] and its annexes specify the maximum change in active power. The change must be linear and without jumps. ” (Technische Mindestanforderungen für den Anschluss von konverterbasierten Energiespeichersystemen ans ÜN, Version 1.1, accessed 2026-08-09) | ||
| RoCoF withstand ±2.0 Hz/s over sliding 500 ms window RoCoF withstand | Continue normal operation as long as the averaged rate of change of frequency does not exceed ±2.0 Hz/s, determined over a sliding 500 ms time window; RoCoF/frequency measurement per common standards such as IEC-IEEE Std 60255-118-1 Binds storage explicitly (§4.3 applies to the kESS at the connection point). The RoCoF measurement must not react to sudden changes in the voltage waveform caused by system disturbances. Complementary: §3.5.2 requires synthetic inertia — active power proportional to RoCoF beginning within max 10 ms of a frequency disturbance — so the kESS must both withstand and actively respond to frequency gradients. | Kapitel 4.3 Frequenzänderungsrate (RoCoF), Technische Mindestanforderungen kESS, Version 1.1 vom 29. Mai 2026 + Kapitel 4.3 Frequenzänderungsrate (RoCoF), Technische Mindestanforderungen kESS, Version 1.1 vom 29. Mai 2026 |
The clauses this row citesKapitel 4.3 Frequenzänderungsrate (RoCoF), Technische Mindestanforderungen kESS, Version 1.1 vom 29. Mai 2026 — “ Das kESS muss in der Lage sein, den normalen Betrieb fortzusetzen, solange die gemittelte Frequenzänderungsrate von ±2,0 Hz/s, ermittelt über ein gleitendes Zeitfenster von 500 ms, nicht überschritten ist. ” Translation: “ The kESS must be able to continue normal operation as long as the averaged rate of change of frequency of ±2.0 Hz/s, determined over a sliding time window of 500 ms, is not exceeded. ” (Technische Mindestanforderungen für den Anschluss von konverterbasierten Energiespeichersystemen ans ÜN, Version 1.1, accessed 2026-08-09) Kapitel 4.3 Frequenzänderungsrate (RoCoF), Technische Mindestanforderungen kESS, Version 1.1 vom 29. Mai 2026 — “ Um den RoCoF und die dafür benötigte Frequenz zu messen, müssen gängige Standards wie die IEC-IEEE Std 60255-118-1 eingehalten werden. ” Translation: “ In order to measure the RoCoF and the frequency required for it, common standards such as IEC-IEEE Std 60255-118-1 must be complied with. ” (Technische Mindestanforderungen für den Anschluss von konverterbasierten Energiespeichersystemen ans ÜN, Version 1.1, accessed 2026-08-09) | ||
| Reactive-current priority at under-/overvoltage; active-current priority in normal range Fault-current injection | No numeric k-gain stated: at undervoltage (below the SHBF lower continuous-operation limit) the kESS must inject capacitive reactive current, at overvoltage (above the SHBF upper limit) inductive reactive current; in these cases reactive current (Iq) must take priority over active current (Ip); within the normal voltage range active current (Ip) has priority Binds storage explicitly (§3.2.3 addresses the kESS). Applies at the connection point; the under-/overvoltage thresholds are defined by the continuous-operation limits of the operational-management interface manual (SHBF), not by a fixed voltage or a k-factor in this document. This is the general (mode-agnostic) current-priority rule; in grid-forming mode the fast reactive response to voltage-amplitude changes is governed by §3.5(1) with a 10 ms reaction requirement (see separate claim). The kESS is also subject to active voltage maintenance per the Spannungshaltungskonzept and must be prequalified for it (§3.2.3). | Kapitel 3.2.3 Blindstromversorgung, Technische Mindestanforderungen kESS, Version 1.1 vom 29. Mai 2026 |
The clause this row citesKapitel 3.2.3 Blindstromversorgung, Technische Mindestanforderungen kESS, Version 1.1 vom 29. Mai 2026 — “ Ein kESS muss bei Unterspannung (d.h. tiefer als die untere Grenze für den Dauerbetrieb gemäss Schnittstellenhandbuch Betriebsführung (SHBF)) kapazitiven Blindstrom und bei Überspannung (d.h. höher als die obere Grenze für den Dauerbetrieb gemäss SHBF) induktiven Blindstrom einspeisen. Die Einspeisung von Blindstrom (Iq) muss in diesen Fällen Vorrang vor Wirkstrom (Ip) haben. Beim Betrieb innerhalb des normalen Spannungsbereichs hat die Einspeisung von Wirkstrom (Ip) Vorrang. ” Translation: “ A kESS must feed in capacitive reactive current in the event of undervoltage (i.e. below the lower limit for continuous operation in accordance with the operational management interface manual (SHBF)) and inductive reactive current in the event of overvoltage (i.e. above the upper limit for continuous operation in accordance with SHBF). In these cases, the feed-in of reactive current (Iq) must take priority over active current (Ip). When operating within the normal voltage range, the feed-in of active current (Ip) has priority. ” (Technische Mindestanforderungen für den Anschluss von konverterbasierten Energiespeichersystemen ans ÜN, Version 1.1, accessed 2026-08-09) | ||
| Grid-forming: 10 ms autonomous voltage/phase-jump support with full current capacity Fault-current injection | In grid-forming mode the kESS must counteract phase jumps with active and reactive power and support voltage-amplitude changes by reactive-power injection, with reaction within 10 ms of the grid change; goal is to hold the internal voltage-source phasor constant in the subtransient time frame using the entire available current capacity GRID-forming-specific requirement, and grid-forming capability is itself mandatory: §3.5 requires all kESS to use converters capable of grid-forming operation, active whenever connected, in generation and demand mode and regardless of state of charge. Binds storage explicitly (whole document is storage-scoped). Current limits, with the scope the clause opens with: “Koordination mit Stromgrenzen: Falls der Konverter die Strombegrenzung erreicht, kann keine grid-forming-Regelung gewährleistet werden. Durch dies gilt folgende Voraussetzung nur solange der Konverter unter der Strombegrenzung arbeitet.” — “Coordination with current limits: if the converter reaches the current limit, no grid-forming control can be guaranteed. The following requirement therefore applies only for as long as the converter operates below the current limit.” Within that scope, §3.5 requires that any necessary current limitation must not interrupt the grid-forming control function, must correspond to the actual capability of the plant and must exploit the short-term overload capacity of the devices. Three further §3.5 provisions, from the same chapter: capacity is not to be overdimensioned for the control — “Eine Überdimensionierung der Kapazität des kESS aufgrund der netzbildenden Regelungsfunktionen ist nicht erforderlich. Limitierungen daraus sind Swissgrid zu melden.” (“Overdimensioning the kESS capacity because of the grid-forming control functions is not necessary. Limitations arising from it are to be reported to Swissgrid.”), the twin of the Fingrid SJV2024 §10.4.3 sentence; functional requirement 2) b) names four damping ranges — 0.1–1 Hz inter-area power oscillations, 1–2 Hz local oscillations, 2–15 Hz voltage oscillations and control interactions, 15–45 Hz subsynchronous and resonance oscillations — a different banding of the same phenomenon from SJV2024’s three; and §3.5.2 requires synthetic inertia to begin within at most 10 ms of a frequency disturbance, proportional to RoCoF, with the control represented and demonstrated in simulation models “(RMS und EMT)” per Kapitel 6.2. Swissgrid also puts a number on the phase jump, in two places and without reference to the current limiter: §3.5.1 requires that “Bei plötzlichen Phasensprüngen der Netzspannung bis zu ±30 Grad sowie in einem weiten, von Swissgrid individuell pro Anschluss festgelegten Kurzschlussleistungsbereich muss das kESS stabil weiterarbeiten und synchron bleiben” (“in the event of sudden phase jumps of the grid voltage of up to ±30 degrees, and across a wide short-circuit-power range set by Swissgrid individually per connection, the kESS must continue to operate stably and remain synchronous”), and §3.3 separately forbids the kESS from disconnecting on a permanent vector shift of up to ±30 degrees during a voltage disturbance. Both are ride-through and stability duties; neither says anything about whether the limiting functions may engage, which is what AT-IBR Artículo 3-8 b) and c) add. | Kapitel 3.5 Netzbildende Eigenschaften, funktionale Anforderung 1) a)–c), Technische Mindestanforderungen kESS, Version 1.1 vom 29. Mai 2026 + Kapitel 3.5 Netzbildende Eigenschaften, Einleitung, Technische Mindestanforderungen kESS, Version 1.1 vom 29. Mai 2026 |
The clauses this row citesKapitel 3.5 Netzbildende Eigenschaften, funktionale Anforderung 1) a)–c), Technische Mindestanforderungen kESS, Version 1.1 vom 29. Mai 2026 — “ a) Bei einer schrittweisen Vektorverschiebung (Phasensprung) der Netzspannung muss das kESS dieser Verschiebung durch Bereitstellung von Wirk- und Blindleistung entgegenwirken; b) Bei einer Amplitudenänderung der Netzspannung muss das kESS durch Einspeisung von Blindleistung die Spannungssteifigkeit lokal erhöhen, siehe Kapitel 3.2.3; c) Die Reaktion auf die beiden Anforderungen a) und b) muss innerhalb von 10 ms nach einer Änderung im Netz erfolgen (der Strom muss sich entsprechend der Regelung anpassen). Ziel ist es, den Spannungszeiger der internen Spannungsquelle im subtransienten Zeitrahmen mit der gesamten verfügbaren Stromkapazität konstant zu halten. ” Translation: “ a) In the event of a step vector shift (phase jump) of the mains voltage, the kESS must counteract this shift by providing active and reactive power; b) In the event of a change in the amplitude of the mains voltage, the kESS must increase the voltage stiffness locally by feeding in reactive power, see section 3.2.3; c) The reaction to the two requirements a) and b) must take place within 10 ms of a change in the grid (the current must adapt according to the control system). The aim is to keep the voltage phasor of the internal voltage source constant in the subtransient time frame with the entire available current capacity. ” (Technische Mindestanforderungen für den Anschluss von konverterbasierten Energiespeichersystemen ans ÜN, Version 1.1, accessed 2026-08-09) Kapitel 3.5 Netzbildende Eigenschaften, Einleitung, Technische Mindestanforderungen kESS, Version 1.1 vom 29. Mai 2026 — “ kESS müssen Konverter verwenden, die fähig sind, im netzbildenden (grid-forming) Modus zu arbeiten. Im folgenden Abschnitt wird präzisiert, welche allgemeinen Anforderungen das kESS im netzbildenden Modus zu erfüllen hat. ” Translation: “ kESS must use converters that are capable of operating in grid-forming mode. The following section specifies which general requirements the kESS must fulfil in grid-forming mode. ” (Technische Mindestanforderungen für den Anschluss von konverterbasierten Energiespeichersystemen ans ÜN, Version 1.1, accessed 2026-08-09) | ||
Who does Switzerland (Swissgrid CESS minimum) bind, and since when?
This code does not carry a short scope statement — read the clause quoted above for who it binds. No date of effect is published here — grid codes are reissued, so check the current issue before relying on it.
These figures are a reading aid, not legal advice. Grid codes are reissued: verify against the current edition before you design to them.
Curve data last checked against the code on — 66 standards, 130 envelopes, published by bess.engineer under CC BY 4.0.
Questions this page answers about Switzerland (Swissgrid CESS minimum)
- Does Switzerland (Swissgrid CESS minimum) require ride-through, or only that the plant does not trip?
- Ride-through. Every envelope on this page is a performance duty the plant must meet, not a protection-setting no-trip boundary — they are different obligations. That is what these curves are; they are not everything Switzerland (Swissgrid CESS minimum) contains. The requirement sentence under each chart says which side of the curve is the compliant one.
- Are the numbers on this page taken from Switzerland (Swissgrid CESS minimum) itself?
- Every breakpoint is read from the code, and where a point was taken off a published figure rather than stated in the clause, the section under that chart says so — on this page that includes an envelope that stops where its published chart stops or a curve with no recorded source class. The clause each curve came from is quoted under it.
- Which events are charted for Switzerland (Swissgrid CESS minimum)?
- Switzerland (Swissgrid CESS minimum) is charted here with 1 envelope — low-voltage ride-through (LVRT). No high-voltage or frequency envelope is charted here — check Switzerland (Swissgrid CESS minimum) itself before concluding it sets none. Its steady-state voltage-band figures add 2 more, drawn from the code's continuous-operating-range table rather than from a ride-through curve.
Ride-through, in context.
An envelope is a compliance boundary; understanding why it exists is a different question. The ride-through and grid-forming entries cover the engineering, and the Engineering Foundations course builds it from the physics up.
Also for Switzerland: Switzerland (Swissgrid TC-CH 2019)
Elsewhere in Europe: Romania (Transelectrica/ANRE storage norm), Spain (P.O. 12.3), Sweden (EIFS 2018:2), Turkey (TEİAŞ Şebeke Yönetmeliği Ek-18), UK G99 (Type A-C), and 13 more