Taiwan (TPC) ride-through requirements
Low-voltage ride-through, High-voltage ride-through, Frequency ride-through for Taiwan. Every breakpoint below is read from the code itself, and where a point was taken off a published figure rather than stated in the clause, the section under that chart says so — an envelope that stops where its published chart stops.
What is the low-voltage ride-through envelope for Taiwan (TPC)?
The plant must ride through for any voltage that stays on or above this envelope. The envelope holds 0 pu from t = 0 to 150 ms; then ramps linearly from 0 pu at 150 ms to 0.9 pu at 3 s; then 0.9 pu from 3 s, plotted to 4 s.
The clause states this boundary as a line; intermediate points are interpolated between its stated vertices. The envelope stops where the published chart stops; the code states no end time.
Applies to ESS paralleled to Taipower LV, HV or EHV systems
| From | To | Voltage | Between the points |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 150 ms | 0 pu | Held flat |
| 150 ms | 3 s | 0 → 0.9 pu | Ramps linearly |
| 3 s | plotted to 4 s | 0.9 pu | Held flat |
The clause this came from
台灣電力公司 儲能系統併聯技術要點 (issued 2020-03-06, amended 2025-09-05), clause (二)1: '電壓降低至 0 p.u. 時，持續運轉時間應至少 0.15 秒', figure 附圖二 低電壓持續運轉能力示意圖 (0 pu to 0.15 s, ramp to 0.9 pu at 3.0 s, flat thereafter). Same curve = 再生能源發電系統併聯技術要點 附圖三. The code defines a linear recovery ramp; the vertices are read from the clause and the chart draws the segment between them.
What is the high-voltage ride-through envelope for Taiwan (TPC)?
The plant must ride through for any voltage that stays on or below this envelope. The envelope holds 1.2 pu from t = 0 to 250 ms; then 1.15 pu from 250 ms to 1 s; then 1.1 pu from 1 s onward — the last band the envelope defines, with no stated end time.
Every breakpoint is stated in the clause cited below.
Applies to ESS paralleled to Taipower LV, HV or EHV systems
| From | To | Voltage | Between the points |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 250 ms | 1.2 pu | Held flat |
| 250 ms | 1 s | 1.15 pu | Held flat |
| 1 s | no stated end | 1.1 pu | Held flat |
The clause this came from
台灣電力公司 儲能系統併聯技術要點 (amended 2025-09-05), clause (二)2: '電壓驟升至 1.2 p.u. 時，持續運轉時間應至少 0.25 秒；電壓驟升至 1.15 p.u. 時，持續運轉時間應至少 0.75 秒' + 附圖三 高電壓持續運轉能力示意圖. Identical to 再生能源發電系統併聯技術要點 附圖四.
What is the frequency ride-through envelope for Taiwan (TPC)?
The plant must ride through between the upper and lower bands. The upper (over-frequency) band holds 62 Hz from t = 0 to 5 min; then 61.5 Hz from 5 min onward — the last band the envelope defines, with no stated end time. The lower (under-frequency) band holds 57 Hz from t = 0 to 20 s; then 57.5 Hz from 20 s to 5 min; then 58.5 Hz from 5 min onward — the last band the envelope defines, with no stated end time.
Every breakpoint is stated in the clause cited below.
Applies to ESS paralleled to Taipower LV, HV or EHV systems
Upper limit
| From | To | Frequency | Between the points |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 5 min | 62 Hz | Held flat |
| 5 min | no stated end | 61.5 Hz | Held flat |
Lower limit
| From | To | Frequency | Between the points |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 20 s | 57 Hz | Held flat |
| 20 s | 5 min | 57.5 Hz | Held flat |
| 5 min | no stated end | 58.5 Hz | Held flat |
The clause this came from
台灣電力股份有限公司 儲能系統併聯技術要點 (中華民國114年9月5日修正), clause (十) 故障持續運轉能力(頻率): 責任分界點頻率之正負百分之二點五範圍內 (58.5–61.5 Hz) 應能持續運轉; (十)1 低頻率持續運轉能力(LFRT) 附圖五 — '頻率介於 57.5 至 58.5Hz 時，持續運轉時間應至少 5 分鐘；頻率介於 57.0 至 57.5Hz 時，持續運轉時間應至少 20 秒'; (十)2 高頻率持續運轉能力(HFRT) 附圖六 — '頻率介於 61.5 至 62.0 Hz 時，持續運轉時間應至少 5 分鐘'.
Operating requirements beyond the envelopes.
The envelopes above are what Taiwan (TPC) demands during a disturbance. The rows below are the same regime’s operating and fault-response requirements — reactive capability, frequency response, continuous operating range and fault-current injection — each researched from the document its own row cites, separately from the plotted corpus. Every row carries its clause and a verbatim quote, so you can check it the same way.
| Requirement | What the code states | Clause |
|---|---|---|
| Reactive range ≥ ±50% of ESS capacity at POI Reactive capability | Q range at the point of responsibility demarcation (責任分界點) 應至少 (shall at least) reach ±50% of 儲能系統容量 (= ESS AC-side maximum output capacity), available during both charging and discharging Binds storage explicitly — this is TPC's storage-specific interconnection instrument (scope §1/§2(1): ESS interconnecting to the Taipower grid). Measured at the 責任分界點 (point of responsibility demarcation = ownership boundary with TPC, §2(3)). Basis is 儲能系統容量, defined in 二、(五) as the AC-side maximum output capacity — i.e. Q/Pmax ≥ 0.5 both leading and lagging, symmetric in charge and discharge. 附圖七 (PDF p.15) axis labels corroborate: Qmax「至少50%×儲能系統容量」/ Qmin「至少-50%×儲能系統容量」. Retrofit: per 五、(十一)3, sites interconnected (or holding review opinion letters) before publication must have this capability from 1 Jan 2028 (民國117年1月1日) or be disconnected. | 五、(十一)1；basis definition 二、(五) — 儲能系統併聯技術要點 (中華民國114年9月5日修正) + 二、(五) — 儲能系統併聯技術要點 (中華民國114年9月5日修正) |
The clauses this row cites五、(十一)1；basis definition 二、(五) — 儲能系統併聯技術要點 (中華民國114年9月5日修正) — “ 儲能系統充放電期間應具備無效功率控制能力，並可於無效功率範圍內穩定運轉，其中責任分界點之無效功率範圍應至少達其儲能系統容量之正負百分之五十。 ” Translation: “ During charging and discharging, the energy storage system shall (應) have reactive-power control capability and be able to operate stably within the reactive-power range; the reactive-power range at the point of responsibility demarcation shall (應) reach at least plus/minus fifty percent of its energy storage system capacity. ” (台灣電力股份有限公司儲能系統併聯技術要點 (Amended 5 Sep 2025), accessed 2026-08-09) 二、(五) — 儲能系統併聯技術要點 (中華民國114年9月5日修正) — “ (五) 儲能系統容量：儲能系統交流側最大輸出容量。 ” Translation: “ (5) Energy storage system capacity: the maximum AC-side output capacity of the energy storage system. ” (台灣電力股份有限公司儲能系統併聯技術要點 (Amended 5 Sep 2025), accessed 2026-08-09) | ||
| Three Q-control modes: 1 s response, VSET/droop/deadband, error tolerance Reactive capability | 3 mandated reactive control modes (voltage droop control / fixed-Q / fixed-PF), each completing the reactive response within 1 s; Voltage mode: VSET settable 95–105% (resolution 0.5%), droop settable 2–10% (resolution 0.5%), deadband VDB default 0.25% (settable 0–0.5%); fixed-Q and fixed-PF modes: 1-minute average error 不得 (must not) exceed 2% of 儲能系統容量 nor 2 MVAr Binds storage explicitly (storage-specific instrument). All three modes 應 (shall) be provided, mode switching 應 (shall) be smooth (平穩), and the ESS accepts dispatch commands from its dispatch center. Q and errors are measured at the 責任分界點. Modality nuances: 應 = shall (mode provision, 1 s response, maintaining fixed Q); 可以 = may/can (the settable ranges for VSET and droop); 須 = must (deadband value must accept later flexible adjustment); 不得 = must not (error tolerances). Voltage-mode control law is given in 附圖七 (PDF p.15): Q(V) = 0.5×儲能系統容量×((VSET±VDB)−V)/(VSET×Droop) outside the deadband, 0 inside — i.e. droop is on the ±50%-of-capacity Q base. Retrofit deadline per 五、(十一)3: existing sites from 1 Jan 2028 (民國117年1月1日), else disconnection. | 五、(十一)2(1)A–B — 儲能系統併聯技術要點 (中華民國114年9月5日修正) + 五、(十一)2(2)–(3) — 儲能系統併聯技術要點 (中華民國114年9月5日修正) |
The clauses this row cites五、(十一)2(1)A–B — 儲能系統併聯技術要點 (中華民國114年9月5日修正) — “ 儲能系統應具備下列三種無效功率控制模式，控制模式間切換應平穩切換，並接受所屬調度中心指令調度：(1) 電壓自動調控模式(Voltage Control)(示意圖如附圖七) A. 設定值：依給定之 Droop 值及責任分界點目標電壓(VSET)，自主追隨調控操作，於 1 秒內完成無效功率反應。VSET 可以設定範圍為百分之九十五至百分之一百零五，解析度為百分之零點五。Droop 可以設定範圍為百分之二至百分之十，解析度為百分之零點五，VSET 及 Droop 值可依各區域實際電壓需求進行調整。B. 不動帶(VDB)預設為百分之零點二五(該值後續須可接受彈性調整)，設定範圍為百分之零至百分之零點五。 ” Translation: “ The energy storage system shall (應) have the following three reactive-power control modes; switching between control modes shall (應) be smooth, and it shall accept command dispatch from its dispatch center: (1) Automatic voltage regulation mode (Voltage Control) (schematic in Appendix Figure 7). A. Setpoint: per the given Droop value and the target voltage at the point of responsibility demarcation (VSET), it autonomously tracks and regulates, completing the reactive-power response within 1 second. VSET may (可以) be set in the range ninety-five percent to one hundred five percent, resolution zero point five percent. Droop may (可以) be set in the range two percent to ten percent, resolution zero point five percent; the VSET and Droop values may (可) be adjusted per each region's actual voltage needs. B. The deadband (VDB) defaults to zero point two five percent (this value must (須) subsequently accept flexible adjustment), setting range zero percent to zero point five percent. ” (台灣電力股份有限公司儲能系統併聯技術要點 (Amended 5 Sep 2025), accessed 2026-08-09) 五、(十一)2(2)–(3) — 儲能系統併聯技術要點 (中華民國114年9月5日修正) — “ 固定無效功率模式(Reactive Power Set Point Control)：責任分界點所量測之無效功率應維持一固定值，並於接受指令後 1 秒內完成反應。無效功率與目標指令間之 1 分鐘平均誤差不得超過儲能系統容量之百分之二以及最高不得超過 2MVAr，如未滿 1 分鐘則以執行區間時間作平均計算。(3) 固定功率因數模式(Power Factor Control)：依設定功率因數運轉，並於 1 秒內完成無效功率反應。責任分界點所量測之無效功率與理論值間之 1 分鐘平均誤差不得超過儲能系統容量之百分之二以及最高不得超過 2MVAr，如未滿 1 分鐘則以執行區間時間作平均計算。 ” Translation: “ Fixed reactive-power mode (Reactive Power Set Point Control): the reactive power measured at the point of responsibility demarcation shall (應) be maintained at a fixed value, and the response completed within 1 second of receiving the command. The 1-minute average error between the reactive power and the target command must not (不得) exceed two percent of the energy storage system capacity, and at most must not (不得) exceed 2 MVAr; if under 1 minute, the average is computed over the execution interval. (3) Fixed power-factor mode (Power Factor Control): operate at the set power factor, completing the reactive-power response within 1 second. The 1-minute average error between the reactive power measured at the point of responsibility demarcation and the theoretical value must not (不得) exceed two percent of the energy storage system capacity, and at most must not (不得) exceed 2 MVAr; if under 1 minute, the average is computed over the execution interval. ” (台灣電力股份有限公司儲能系統併聯技術要點 (Amended 5 Sep 2025), accessed 2026-08-09) | ||
| PFR: droop 4% (3–5%), deadband 0.03 Hz (0.01–0.05), <1 s / <10 s Frequency response | PFR mandatory: deadband fDB default 0.03 Hz (settable 0.01–0.05 Hz), droop default 4% (setting range 應可 3–5%), reaction time 應 <1 s, step response to 90% of target 應 <10 s; existing sites 須 comply from 1 Jan 2028 (民國117年1月1日) or be disconnected Binds storage explicitly. Symmetric over/under-frequency response in both charge (P<0) and discharge (P>0) around the scheduled operating point PCommit — 附圖四 (PDF p.12) gives P(f) = PCommit + 儲能系統容量×((60±fDB)−f)/(60×Droop) outside the deadband, so the droop base is 儲能系統容量 (AC-side max output capacity) on the 60 Hz nominal. Deadband default flexes with grid conditions (視本公司電網條件須可接受彈性調整); droop default 須 accept later adjustment. No explicit sustain duration stated for PFR delivery. Timing is phrased as from command receipt (接收指令) to response start / to 90% of target. | 五、(九)3 — 儲能系統併聯技術要點 (中華民國114年9月5日修正) |
The clause this row cites五、(九)3 — 儲能系統併聯技術要點 (中華民國114年9月5日修正) — “ 儲能系統應具備初級頻率響應能力(Primary Frequency Response, PFR)(示意圖如附圖四)，不動帶(fDB)預設為 0.03Hz(該值視本公司電網條件須可接受彈性調整)，設定範圍為 0.01Hz～0.05Hz。Droop 預設值為百分之四(該值後續須可接受彈性調整)，設定範圍為應可於百分之三至百分之五之間。PCommit 為儲能系統當時接受排程充放電之有效功率 P(MW)。當頻率發生變化時，儲能系統接收指令至開始反應時間(Reaction Time)應小於 1 秒，接收指令至達控制目標值之百分之九十時，其步階響應時間(Step Response Time)應小於 10 秒。本目規定公布前已併聯或已取得併聯審查意見書之儲能案場，自 117 年 1 月 1 日起，亦須具備上述初級頻率響應能力；如屆期未具備此能力，須與系統解聯。 ” Translation: “ The energy storage system shall (應) have Primary Frequency Response (PFR) capability (schematic in Appendix Figure 4); the deadband (fDB) defaults to 0.03 Hz (this value must (須) accept flexible adjustment depending on the Company's grid conditions), setting range 0.01 Hz to 0.05 Hz. The Droop default is four percent (this value must (須) subsequently accept flexible adjustment), and the setting range shall be available (應可) between three percent and five percent. PCommit is the effective power P (MW) of the charge/discharge schedule the energy storage system has accepted at the time. When a frequency change occurs, the time from the energy storage system receiving the command to starting to respond (Reaction Time) shall (應) be less than 1 second, and the step response time from receiving the command to reaching ninety percent of the control target value shall (應) be less than 10 seconds. Energy storage sites already interconnected, or already holding an interconnection review opinion letter, before this item was published must (須) also have the above primary frequency response capability from 1 January of year 117 [ROC calendar = 1 Jan 2028]; if that capability is not in place by the deadline, they must (須) be disconnected from the system. ” (台灣電力股份有限公司儲能系統併聯技術要點 (Amended 5 Sep 2025), accessed 2026-08-09) | ||
| Charge lock <59.5 Hz; discharge lock >60.2 Hz Frequency response | Charging 不得 (must not) when POI frequency <59.5 Hz; discharging 不得 (must not) when POI frequency >60.2 Hz Binds storage explicitly; storage-specific operating-state constraint (whether the renewable-generation instrument has an analogous rule could not be verified — its source document was not accessible to this research) that complements PFR: below 59.5 Hz the ESS may not sit in charging state (withdrawing support), above 60.2 Hz it may not discharge. Measured at the 責任分界點. Nominal frequency 60 Hz. Listed under 五、(九) 頻率控制基本要求 (basic frequency-control requirements), items 1–2, immediately before the PFR item. | 五、(九)1–2 — 儲能系統併聯技術要點 (中華民國114年9月5日修正) |
The clause this row cites五、(九)1–2 — 儲能系統併聯技術要點 (中華民國114年9月5日修正) — “ 1. 責任分界點頻率低於 59.5Hz 時，儲能系統不得運轉於充電狀態。2. 責任分界點頻率高於 60.2Hz 時，儲能系統不得運轉於放電狀態。 ” Translation: “ 1. When the frequency at the point of responsibility demarcation is below 59.5 Hz, the energy storage system must not (不得) operate in the charging state. 2. When the frequency at the point of responsibility demarcation is above 60.2 Hz, the energy storage system must not (不得) operate in the discharging state. ” (台灣電力股份有限公司儲能系統併聯技術要點 (Amended 5 Sep 2025), accessed 2026-08-09) | ||
| Continuous frequency band: ±2.5% of nominal (58.5–61.5 Hz) Continuous operating range | Continuous operation 應 (shall) within ±2.5% of POI frequency — on the 60 Hz system that is 58.5–61.5 Hz (58.5/61.5 Hz boundaries confirmed by 附圖五/附圖六 as the edge of the 持續運轉區間) Binds storage explicitly; measured at the 責任分界點. Beyond ±2.5%, the LFRT/HFRT envelopes take over — those time-limited bands (57.5–58.5 Hz ≥5 min; 57.0–57.5 Hz ≥20 s; 61.5–62.0 Hz ≥5 min; 附圖五/六) are covered by the ride-through curves published for this code and not repeated here. Related protection floor/ceiling (四、(一)5, PDF p.3): 81H trip setting 不得低於 64Hz, 81L trip setting 不得高於 56Hz, so protection may not trip inside the required envelope. Offshore-island independent systems additionally follow local requirements (五、(十)3, 亦應). Provenance: 58.5–61.5 Hz is derived, not printed — the clause states only ±2.5 %, and 60 Hz × ±2.5 % gives these edges, which match the band edges drawn in 附圖五/附圖六. Treat the percentage as the requirement and the Hz figures as its arithmetic on a 60 Hz system. | 五、(十) 故障持續運轉能力(頻率), opening sentence — 儲能系統併聯技術要點 (中華民國114年9月5日修正) |
The clause this row cites五、(十) 故障持續運轉能力(頻率), opening sentence — 儲能系統併聯技術要點 (中華民國114年9月5日修正) — “ 故障持續運轉能力(頻率)：於責任分界點頻率之正負百分之二點五範圍內時，應能持續運轉，當責任分界點頻率偏離前述值時，應具備低頻率持續運轉能力(Low Frequency Ride Through, LFRT)及高頻率持續運轉能力(High Frequency Ride Through, HFRT)。 ” Translation: “ Fault ride-through capability (frequency): when within a range of plus/minus two point five percent of the frequency at the point of responsibility demarcation, it shall (應) be able to operate continuously; when the frequency at the point of responsibility demarcation deviates from the foregoing values, it shall (應) have Low Frequency Ride Through (LFRT) and High Frequency Ride Through (HFRT) capability. ” (台灣電力股份有限公司儲能系統併聯技術要點 (Amended 5 Sep 2025), accessed 2026-08-09) | ||
| Continuous voltage band: ±10% of rated at POI Continuous operating range | Continuous operation 應 (shall) within ±10% of rated voltage at the POI; outside that band the LVRT/HVRT envelopes apply Binds storage explicitly; measured at the 責任分界點. This is the steady continuous band; the voltage ride-through curves themselves (0 p.u. ≥0.15 s; 1.2 p.u. ≥0.25 s; 1.15 p.u. ≥0.75 s; 附圖二/三) are covered by the published ride-through figures for this code, not repeated here. Separately, 五、(一)1 requires that ESS charging/discharging keep the system voltage 0.95–1.03 p.u. in normal operation (0.9–1.05 p.u. post-contingency steady state) and 五、(一)2 caps ESS-caused POI voltage variation at ±3% — system-impact conditions on the installer rather than an equipment operating band. | 五、(二) 故障持續運轉能力(電壓), opening sentence — 儲能系統併聯技術要點 (中華民國114年9月5日修正) |
The clause this row cites五、(二) 故障持續運轉能力(電壓), opening sentence — 儲能系統併聯技術要點 (中華民國114年9月5日修正) — “ 故障持續運轉能力(電壓)：於責任分界點額定電壓之正負百分之十範圍內時，應能持續運轉，當責任分界點電壓偏離前述值時，應具備低電壓持續運轉能力(Low Voltage Ride Through, LVRT)、高電壓持續運轉能力(High Voltage Ride Through, HVRT)。 ” Translation: “ Fault ride-through capability (voltage): when within a range of plus/minus ten percent of the rated voltage at the point of responsibility demarcation, it shall (應) be able to operate continuously; when the voltage at the point of responsibility demarcation deviates from the foregoing values, it shall (應) have Low Voltage Ride Through (LVRT) and High Voltage Ride Through (HVRT) capability. ” (台灣電力股份有限公司儲能系統併聯技術要點 (Amended 5 Sep 2025), accessed 2026-08-09) | ||
| No dynamic reactive-current injection requirement Fault-current injection | No dynamic reactive current injection requirement (no k-gain, no injection response time, no negative-sequence rule, no reactive-vs-active priority) anywhere in the 18-page instrument; 五、(四) instead limits the ESS fault-current contribution so breaker interrupting duty is not exceeded Checked absence; binds storage explicitly. The only fault-current clause, 五、(四), is a system-impact cap: ESS fault current 不得 (must not) render TPC or other customers' breaker interrupting capacity insufficient — mitigation 得 (may) be by current-limiting reactors or the installer bearing breaker-replacement costs. LVRT/HVRT (五、(二)) requires staying connected but is silent on current behaviour during the dip. Searched the full text (section 五 (5), the FRT clauses and the appendix figures) for injection/gain/negative-sequence terms — none present. | 五、(四)1 — 儲能系統併聯技術要點 (中華民國114年9月5日修正) |
The clause this row cites五、(四)1 — 儲能系統併聯技術要點 (中華民國114年9月5日修正) — “ 儲能充放電時送至台電公司系統之故障電流，不得造成既設、興建中或已核定之本公司或其他用戶斷路器之啟斷容量不足。但得以裝設限流電抗器或其他可有效抑低故障電流之技術性方式處理，或經協議後由設置者負擔因更換斷路器而產生之一切費用。 ” Translation: “ The fault current delivered to the Taipower system when the energy storage system charges or discharges must not (不得) cause the interrupting capacity of existing, under-construction, or already-approved circuit breakers of the Company or of other customers to become insufficient. However, this may (得) be handled by installing current-limiting reactors or other technical means that can effectively suppress the fault current, or, after agreement, by the installer bearing all costs arising from replacing circuit breakers. ” (台灣電力股份有限公司儲能系統併聯技術要點 (Amended 5 Sep 2025), accessed 2026-08-09) | ||
Who does Taiwan (TPC) bind, and since when?
ESS paralleled to Taipower LV, HV or EHV systems. No date of effect is published here — grid codes are reissued, so check the current issue before relying on it.
These figures are a reading aid, not legal advice. Grid codes are reissued: verify against the current edition before you design to them.
Curve data last checked against the code on — 66 standards, 130 envelopes, published by bess.engineer under CC BY 4.0.
Questions this page answers about Taiwan (TPC)
- Does Taiwan (TPC) require ride-through, or only that the plant does not trip?
- Ride-through. Every envelope on this page is a performance duty the plant must meet, not a protection-setting no-trip boundary — they are different obligations. That is what these curves are; they are not everything Taiwan (TPC) contains. The requirement sentence under each chart says which side of the curve is the compliant one.
- Are the numbers on this page taken from Taiwan (TPC) itself?
- Every breakpoint is read from the code, and where a point was taken off a published figure rather than stated in the clause, the section under that chart says so — on this page that includes an envelope that stops where its published chart stops. The clause each curve came from is quoted under it.
- Which events are charted for Taiwan (TPC)?
- Taiwan (TPC) is charted here with 3 envelopes — low-voltage ride-through, high-voltage ride-through, frequency ride-through (LVRT, HVRT, FRT).
Ride-through, in context.
An envelope is a compliance boundary; understanding why it exists is a different question. The ride-through and grid-forming entries cover the engineering, and the Engineering Foundations course builds it from the physics up.
Elsewhere in Asia-Pacific: New Zealand South Island (EIPC cl 8.25A), Philippines PV (PGC 2016 Fig 4.4), Philippines VRE (PGC 2016 Tables 4.1 & 4.3), Philippines Wind (PGC 2016 Fig 4.2), Singapore (EMA Transmission Code App. F6), South Korea (KEPCO), and 9 more